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Medical Waste Containers Market: Global Industry Growth, Market Size, Market Share and Forecast 2020-2027
The global medical waste containers market size was accounted for over USD 1.5 billion in 2019 and projected to grow at a significant CAGR of around 6% during the forecast period 2020 to 2027. The increasing number of hospitals and increasing number of lab testing are some key factors to drive the market growth. Furthermore, rising awareness of hospital waste management and increasing demand for waste containers is also spurring the market growth over the forecast period. Moreover, increasing the number of surgeries and government stringent policies for safety and environment conversation are some other factors to propel market the market significantly. The report titled "Medical Waste Containers Market - Global Trends, Market Share, Industry Size, Growth, Opportunities, and Forecast - 2020 – 2027" offers a holistic view of the Medical Waste Containers industry encompassing numerous stakeholders including raw material suppliers, providers, distributors, consumers and government agencies, among others. Furthermore, the report includes detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the global Medical Waste Containers market considering market history, product development, regional dynamics, competitive landscape, and key success factors (KSFs) in the industry. Browse Full report on Global Medical Waste Containers Market report athttps://www.researchcorridor.com/medical-waste-containers-market/ The report includes a deep-dive analysis of key countries including the U.S., Canada, the U.K., Germany, France, China, Japan, India, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa, among others. Thereby, the report identifies unique growth opportunities across the world based on trends occurring in various developed and developing economies. Medical Waste Containers Market report summarizes the positive growth rate in upcoming years, and market size with competitive analysis. Our experts have analyzed the historical data to compare with the current market scenario to calculate the market growth in the coming years. The study provides an exhaustive report that includes an executive summary, scope, and forecast of the market.
Key Questions Answered by Medical Waste Containers Market Report
Product popularity and adoption based on various country-level dynamics
Regional presence and product development for leading market participants
Market forecasts and trend analysis based on ongoing investments and economic growth in key countries
Competitive landscape based on revenue, product offerings, years of presence, number of employees and market concentration, among others
number of employees and market concentration, among others
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Did a Military Experimental Vaccine in 1918 Kill 50-100 Million People Blamed as "Spanish Flu"?
The 1918-19 bacterial vaccine experiment may have killed 50-100 million people
by Kevin Barry, PresidentFirst Freedoms, Inc. The “Spanish Flu” killed an estimated 50-100 million people during a pandemic 1918-19. What if the story we have been told about this pandemic isn’t true? What if, instead, the killer infection was neither the flu nor Spanish in origin? Newly analyzed documents reveal that the “Spanish Flu” may have been a military vaccine experiment gone awry. In looking back on the 100th anniversary of the end of World War I, we need to delve deeper to solve this mystery.
Summary
The reason modern technology has not been able to pinpoint the killer influenza strain from this pandemic is because influenza was not the killer.
More soldiers died during WWI from disease than from bullets.
The pandemic was not flu. An estimated 95% (or higher) of the deaths were caused by bacterial pneumonia, not influenza/a virus.
The pandemic was not Spanish. The first cases of bacterial pneumonia in 1918 trace back to a military base in Fort Riley, Kansas.
From January 21 – June 4, 1918, an experimental bacterial meningitis vaccine cultured in horses by the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York was injected into soldiers at Fort Riley.
During the remainder of 1918 as those soldiers – often living and traveling under poor sanitary conditions – were sent to Europe to fight, they spread bacteria at every stop between Kansas and the frontline trenches in France.
One study describes soldiers “with active infections (who) were aerosolizing the bacteria that colonized their noses and throats, while others—often, in the same “breathing spaces”—were profoundly susceptible to invasion of and rapid spread through their lungs by their own or others’ colonizing bacteria.” (1)
The “Spanish Flu” attacked healthy people in their prime. Bacterial pneumonia attacks people in their prime. Flu attacks the young, old and immunocompromised.
When WW1 ended on November 11, 1918, soldiers returned to their home countries and colonial outposts, spreading the killer bacterial pneumonia worldwide.
During WW1, the Rockefeller Institute also sent the antimeningococcic serum to England, France, Belgium, Italy and other countries, helping spread the epidemic worldwide.
During the pandemic of 1918-19, the so-called “Spanish Flu” killed 50-100 million people, including many soldiers. Many people do not realize that disease killed far more soldiers on all sides than machine guns or mustard gas or anything else typically associated with WWI. I have a personal connection to the Spanish Flu. Among those killed by disease in 1918-19 are members of both of my parents’ families. On my father’s side, his grandmother Sadie Hoyt died from pneumonia in 1918. Sadie was a Chief Yeoman in the Navy. Her death left my grandmother Rosemary and her sister Anita to be raised by their aunt. Sadie’s sister Marian also joined the Navy. She died from “the influenza” in 1919. On my mother’s side, two of her father’s sisters died in childhood. All of the family members who died lived in New York City. I suspect many American families, and many families worldwide, were impacted in similar ways by the mysterious Spanish Flu. In 1918, “influenza” or flu was a catchall term for disease of unknown origin. It didn’t carry the specific meaning it does today. It meant some mystery disease which dropped out of the sky. In fact, influenza is from the Medieval Latin “influential” in an astrological sense, meaning a visitation under the influence of the stars.
WHY IS WHAT HAPPENED 100 YEARS AGO IMPORTANT NOW?
Between 1900-1920, there were enormous efforts underway in the industrialized world to build a better society. I will use New York as an example to discuss three major changes to society which occurred in NY during that time and their impact on mortality from infectious diseases.
1. Clean Water and Sanitation
In the late 19th century through the early 20th century, New York built an extraordinary system to bring clean water to the city from the Catskills, a system still in use today. New York City also built over 6000 miles of sewer to take away and treat waste, which protects the drinking water. The World Health Organization acknowledges the importance of clean water and sanitation in combating infectious diseases. (2)
2. Electricity
In the late 19th century through the early 20th century, New York built a power grid and wired the city so power was available in every home. Electricity allows for refrigeration. Refrigeration is an unsung hero as a public health benefit. When food is refrigerated from farm to table, the public is protected from potential infectious diseases. Cheap renewable energy is important for many reasons, including combating infectious diseases.
3. Pharmaceutical
In the late 19th century through the early 20th century, New York became the home of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University). The Institute is where the modern pharmaceutical industry was born. The Institute pioneered many of the approaches the pharmaceutical industry uses today, including the preparation of vaccine serums, for better or worse. The vaccine used in the Fort Riley experiment on soldiers was made in horses. US Mortality Rates data from the turn of the 20th century to 1965 clearly indicates that clean water, flushing toilets, effective sewer systems and refrigerated foods all combined to effectively reduce mortality from infectious diseases BEFORE vaccines for those diseases became available. Have doctors and the pharmaceutical manufacturers taken credit for reducing mortality from infectious disease which rightfully belongs to sandhogs, plumbers, electricians and engineers? If hubris at the Rockefeller Institute in 1918 led to a pandemic disease which killed millions of people, what lessons can we learn and apply to 2018?
THE DISEASE WAS NOT SPANISH
While watching an episode of American Experience on PBS a few months ago, I was surprised to hear that the first cases of “Spanish Flu” occurred at Fort Riley, Kansas in 1918. I thought, how is it possible this historically important event could be so badly misnamed 100 years ago and never corrected? Why “Spanish”? Spain was one of a few countries not involved in World War I. Most of the countries involved in the war censored their press. Free from censorship concerns, the earliest press reports of people dying from disease in large numbers came from Spain. The warring countries did not want to additionally frighten the troops, so they were content to scapegoat Spain. Soldiers on all sides would be asked to cross no man’s land into machine gun fire, which was frightening enough without knowing that the trenches were a disease breeding ground. One hundred years later, it’s long past time to drop “Spanish” from all discussion of this pandemic. If the flu started at a United States military base in Kansas, then the disease could and should be more aptly named. In order to prevent future disasters, the US (and the rest of the world) must take a hard look at what really caused the pandemic. It is possible that one of the reasons the Spanish Flu has never been corrected is that it helps disguise the origin of the pandemic. If the origin of the pandemic involved a vaccine experiment on US soldiers, then the US may prefer calling it Spanish Flu instead of The Fort Riley Bacteria of 1918, or something similar. The Spanish Flu started at the location this experimental bacterial vaccine was given making it the prime suspect as the source of the bacterial infections which killed so many. It would be much more difficult to maintain the marketing mantra of “vaccines save lives” if a vaccine experiment originating in the United States during the years of primitive manufacturing caused the deaths of 50-100 million people.
“Vaccines save lives … except we may have killed 50-100 million people in 1918-19” is a far less effective sales slogan than the overly simplistic “vaccines save lives.”
THE DISEASE WHICH KILLED SO MANY WAS NOT FLU OR A VIRUS. IT WAS BACTERIAL.
During the mid-2000’s there was much talk about “pandemic preparedness.” Influenza vaccine manufacturers in the United States received billions of taxpayer dollars to develop vaccines to make sure that we don’t have another lethal pandemic “flu,” like the one in 1918-19. Capitalizing on the “flu” part of Spanish flu helped vaccine manufacturers procure billion dollar checks from governments, even though scientists knew at the time that bacterial pneumonia was the real killer. It is not my opinion that bacterial pneumonia was the real killer – thousands of autopsies confirm this fact. According to a 2008 National Institute of Health paper, bacterial pneumonia was the killer in a minimum of 92.7% of the 1918-19 autopsies reviewed. It is likely higher than 92.7%. The researchers looked at more than 9000 autopsies, and “there were no negative (bacterial) lung culture results.”
“… In the 68 higher-quality autopsy series, in which the possibility of unreported negative cultures could be excluded, 92.7% of autopsy lung cultures were positive for ≥1 bacterium. … in one study of approximately 9000 subjects who were followed from clinical presentation with influenza to resolution or autopsy, researchers obtained, with sterile technique, cultures of either pneumococci or streptococci from 164 of 167 lung tissue samples. There were 89 pure cultures of pneumococci; 19 cultures from which only streptococci were recovered; 34 that yielded mixtures of pneumococci and/or streptococci; 22 that yielded a mixture of pneumococci, streptococci, and other organisms (prominently pneumococci and nonhemolytic streptococci); and 3 that yielded nonhemolytic streptococci alone. There were no negative lung culture results.” (3)
Pneumococci or streptococci were found in “164 of (the) 167 lung tissue samples” autopsied. That is 98.2%. Bacteria was the killer.
WHERE DID THE SPANISH FLU BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA OF 1918-19 ORIGINATE?
When the United States declared war in April 1917, the fledgling Pharmaceutical industry had something they had never had before – a large supply of human test subjects in the form of the US military’s first draft. Pre-war in 1917, the US Army was 286,000 men. Post-war in 1920, the US army disbanded, and had 296,000 men. During the war years 1918-19, the US Army ballooned to 6,000,000 men, with 2,000,000 men being sent overseas. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research took advantage of this new pool of human guinea pigs to conduct vaccine experiments. A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERSby Frederick L. Gates From the Base Hospital, Fort Riley, Kansas, and The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York. Received 1918 Jul 20 (Author note: Please read the Fort Riley paper in its entirety so you can appreciate the carelessness of the experiments conducted on these troops.) Between January 21st and June 4th of 1918, Dr. Gates reports on an experiment where soldiers were given 3 doses of a bacterial meningitis vaccine. Those conducting the experiment on the soldiers were just spitballing dosages of a vaccine serum made in horses. The vaccination regime was designed to be 3 doses. 4,792 men received the first dose, but only 4,257 got the 2nd dose (down 11%), and only 3702 received all three doses (down 22.7%). A total of 1,090 men were not there for the 3rd dose. What happened to these soldiers? Were they shipped East by train from Kansas to board a ship to Europe? Were they in the Fort Riley hospital? Dr. Gates’ report doesn’t tell us. An article accompanying the American Experience broadcast I watched sheds some light on where these 1,090 men might be. Gates began his experiments in January 1918. By March of that year, “100 men a day” were entering the infirmary at Fort Riley. Are some of these the men missing from Dr. Gates’ report – the ones who did not get the 2nd or 3rd dose?
“… Shortly before breakfast on Monday, March 11, the first domino would fall signaling the commencement of the first wave of the 1918 influenza. Company cook Albert Gitchell reported to the camp infirmary with complaints of a “bad cold.” Right behind him came Corporal Lee W. Drake voicing similar complaints. By noon, camp surgeon Edward R. Schreiner had over 100 sick men on his hands, all apparently suffering from the same malady…” (5)
Gates does report that several of the men in the experiment had flu-like symptoms: coughs, vomiting and diarrhea after receiving the vaccine. These symptoms are a disaster for men living in barracks, travelling on trains to the Atlantic coast, sailing to Europe, and living and fighting in trenches. The unsanitary conditions at each step of the journey are an ideal environment for a contagious disease like bacterial pneumonia to spread. From Dr. Gates’ report:
“Reactions.– … Several cases of looseness of the bowels or transient diarrhea were noted. This symptom had not been encountered before. Careful inquiry in individual cases often elicited the information that men who complained of the effects of vaccination were suffering from mild coryza, bronchitis, etc., at the time of injection.” “Sometimes the reaction was initiated by a chill or chilly sensation, and a number of men complained of fever or feverish sensations during the following night. Next in frequency came nausea (occasionally vomiting), dizziness, and general “aches and pains” in the joints and muscles, which in a few instances were especially localized in the neck or lumbar region, causing stiff neck or stiff back. A few injections were followed by diarrhea. The reactions, therefore, occasionally simulated the onset of epidemic meningitis and several vaccinated men were sent as suspects to the Base Hospital for diagnosis.”(4)
According to Gates, they injected random dosages of an experimental bacterial meningitis vaccine into soldiers. Afterwards, some of the soldiers had symptoms which “simulated” meningitis, but Dr. Gates advances the fantastical claim that it wasn’t actual meningitis. The soldiers developed flu-like symptoms. Bacterial meningitis, then and now, is known to mimic flu-like symptoms. (6) Perhaps the similarity of early symptoms of bacterial meningitis and bacterial pneumonia to symptoms of flu is why the vaccine experiments at Fort Riley have been able to escape scrutiny as a potential cause of the Spanish Flu for 100 years and counting.
HOW DID THE “SPANISH FLU” SPREAD SO WIDELY SO QUICKLY?
There is an element of a perfect storm in how the Gates bacteria spread. WWI ended only 10 months after the first injections. Unfortunately for the 50-100 million who died, those soldiers injected with horse-infused bacteria moved quickly during those 10 months. An article from 2008 on the CDC’s website describes how sick WWI soldiers could pass along the bacteria to others by becoming “cloud adults.”
“Finally, for brief periods and to varying degrees, affected hosts became “cloud adults” who increased the aerosolization of colonizing strains of bacteria, particularly pneumococci, hemolytic streptococci, H. influenzae, and S. aureus. For several days during local epidemics—particularly in crowded settings such as hospital wards, military camps, troop ships, and mines (and trenches)—some persons were immunologically susceptible to, infected with, or recovering from infections with influenza virus. Persons with active infections were aerosolizing the bacteria that colonized their noses and throats, while others—often, in the same “breathing spaces”—were profoundly susceptible to invasion of and rapid spread through their lungs by their own or others’ colonizing bacteria.” (1)
Three times in his report on the Fort Riley vaccine experiment, Dr. Gates states that some soldiers had a “severe reaction” indicating “an unusual individual susceptibility to the vaccine”. While the vaccine made many sick, it only killed those who were susceptible to it. Those who became sick and survived became “cloud adults” who spread the bacteria to others, which created more cloud adults, spreading to others where it killed the susceptible, repeating the cycle until there were no longer wartime unsanitary conditions, and there were no longer millions of soldiers to experiment on. The toll on US troops was enormous and it is well documented. Dr. Carol Byerly describes how the “influenza” traveled like wildfire through the US military. (substitute “bacteria” for Dr. Byerly’s “influenza” or “virus”):
“… Fourteen of the largest training camps had reported influenza outbreaks in March, April, or May, and some of the infected troops carried the virus with them aboard ships to France … As soldiers in the trenches became sick, the military evacuated them from the front lines and replaced them with healthy men. This process continuously brought the virus into contact with new hosts—young, healthy soldiers in which it could adapt, reproduce, and become extremely virulent without danger of burning out. … Before any travel ban could be imposed, a contingent of replacement troops departed Camp Devens (outside of Boston) for Camp Upton, Long Island, the Army’s debarkation point for France, and took influenza with them. Medical officers at Upton said it arrived “abruptly” on September 13, 1918, with 38 hospital admissions, followed by 86 the next day, and 193 the next. Hospital admissions peaked on October 4 with 483, and within 40 days, Camp Upton sent 6,131 men to the hospital for influenza. Some developed pneumonia so quickly that physicians diagnosed it simply by observing the patient rather than listening to the lungs…” (7) The United States was not the only country in possession of the Rockefeller Institute’s experimental bacterial vaccine. A 1919 report from the Institute states: “Reference should be made that before the United States entered the war (in April 1917) the Institute had resumed the preparation of antimeningococcic serum, in order to meet the requests of England, France, Belgium Italy and other countries.” The same report states: “In order to meet the suddenly increased demand for the curative serums worked out at the Institute, a special stable for horses was quickly erected …” (8)
An experimental antimeningoccic serum made in horses and injected into soldiers who would be entering the cramped and unsanitary living conditions of war … what could possibly go wrong? Is the bacterial serum made in horses at the Rockefeller Institute which was injected into US soldiers and distributed to numerous other countries responsible for the 50-100 million people killed by bacterial lung infections in 1918-19? The Institute says it distributed the bacterial serum to England, France, Belgium, Italy and other countries during WWI. Not enough is known about how these countries experimented on their soldiers. I hope independent researchers will take an honest look at these questions.
THE ROAD TO HELL IS PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS
I do not believe that anyone involved in these vaccine experiments was trying to harm anyone. Some will see the name Rockefeller and yell. “Illuminati!” or “culling the herd!” I do not believe that’s what happened. I believe standard medical hubris is responsible – doctors “playing God”, thinking they can tame nature without creating unanticipated problems. With medical hubris, I do not think the situation has changed materially over the past 100 years.
WHAT NOW?
The vaccine industry is always looking for human test subjects. They have the most success when they are able to find populations who not in a position to refuse. Soldiers (9), infants, the disabled, prisoners, those in developing nations – anyone not in a position to refuse. Vaccine experimentation on vulnerable populations is not an issue of the past. Watch this video clip of Dr. Stanley Plotkin where he describes using experimental vaccines on orphans, the mentally retarded, prisoners, and those under colonial rule. The deposition was in January 2018. The hubris of the medical community is the same or worse now than it was 100 years ago. Watch as Dr. Plotkin admits to writing:
“The question is whether we are to have experiments performed on fully functioning adults and on children who are potentially contributors to society or to perform initial studies in children and adults who are human in form but not in social potential.”
Please watch the horrifying video clip. (10) In part because the global community is well aware of medical hubris and well aware of the poor record of medical ethics, the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights developed international standards regarding the right to informed consent to preventative medical procedures like vaccination. The international community is well aware that the pharmaceutical industry makes mistakes and is always on the lookout for human test subjects. The Declaration states that individuals have the human right to consent to any preventative medical intervention like vaccination.
Article 3 – Human dignity and human rights
Human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms are to be fully respected.
The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.
Article 6 – Consent
Any preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic medical intervention is only to be carried out with the prior, free and informed consent of the person concerned, based on adequate information. T
he consent should, where appropriate, be express and may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without disadvantage or prejudice. (11) Clean water, sanitation, flushing toilets, refrigerated foods and healthy diets have done and still do far more to protect humanity from infectious diseases than any vaccine program. Doctor and the vaccine industry have usurped credit which rightfully belongs to plumbers, electricians, sandhogs, engineers and city planners. For these reasons, policy makers at all levels of government should protect the human rights and individual liberties of individuals to opt out of vaccine programs via exemptions. The hubris of the medical community will never go away. Policy makers need to know that vaccines like all medical interventions are not infallible. Vaccines are not magic. We all have different susceptibility to disease. Human beings are not one size fits all. In 1918-19, the vaccine industry experimented on soldiers, likely with disastrous results. In 2018, the vaccine industry experiments on infants every day. The vaccine schedule has never been tested as it is given. The results of the experiment are in: 1 in 7 American children is in some form of special education and over 50% have some form of chronic illness. (12) In 1918-19, there was no safety follow up after vaccines were delivered. In 2018, there is virtually no safety follow up after a vaccine is delivered. Who exactly gave you that flu shot at Rite Aid? Do you have their cell number of the store employee if something goes wrong? In 1918-19, there was no liability to the manufacturer for injuries or death caused by vaccines. In 2018, there is no liability for vaccine manufacturers for injuries or death caused by vaccines, which was formalized in 1986. (13) In 1918-19, there was no independent investigative follow up challenging the official story that “Spanish Flu” was some mystery illness which dropped from the sky. I suspect that many of those at the Rockefeller Institute knew what happened, and that many of the doctors who administered the vaccines to the troops knew what happened, but those people are long dead. In 2018, the Pharmaceutical industry is the largest campaign donor to politicians and the largest advertiser in all forms of media, so not much has changed over 100 years. This story will likely be ignored by mainstream media because their salaries are paid by pharmaceutical advertising. The next time you hear someone say “vaccines save lives” please remember that the true story of the cost/benefit of vaccines is much more complicated than their three word slogan. Also remember that vaccines may have killed 50-100 million people in 1918-19. If true, those costs greatly outweighed any benefit, especially considering that plumbers, electricians, sandhogs and engineers did, and continue to do, the real work which reduces mortality from disease. Vaccines are not magic. Human rights and bioethics are critically important. Policy makers should understand the history of medical hubris and protect individual and parental human rights as described in the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights.
References
Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic John F. Brundage* and G. Dennis Shanks† Author affiliations: *Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; †Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/8/07-1313_article
J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 1; 198(7): 962–970. Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness David M. Morens, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, and Anthony S. Fauci https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599911/
Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans’ Health? Lessons Spanning Half a Century, A Staff Report Prepared for the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, United States Senate, December 1994 https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=438835
Dr. Stanley Plotkin: vaccine experiments on orphans, the mentally retarded, and others (January 2018) https://youtu.be/yevV_slu7Dw
54 Years since France detonated nukes on Moruroa after we fought for them in WW1 & against Nazism in WW2, & suffered in their colonial invasions of Vietnam - Europe & their Colonial States still excuse their criminal 'tests' on our tupuna Moananui. Scumbag USA President Trump mulls more crimes.
https://twitter.com/PeaceMovementA/status/1278501718733406208 " Moruroa: 54th anniversary of first nuclear bomb detonation On July 2, 1966 the calm of French Polynesia's Moruroa atoll was shattered by an explosion of unbelievable force. Within a second, the azure tropical sky flashed bright orange, and was ruptured by a towering radioactive cloud that mushroomed into the atmosphere; the placid lagoon was stirred into a tempestuous cauldron, while the coconut trees on the white sand islets were bent by the sheer force of the nuclear explosion. "It's beautiful", said President Charles de Gaulle.” Today is the 54th anniversary of France’s first nuclear bomb detonation in French Occupied Polynesia, the first in a total of 193 bomb “tests” at Mororua and Fangataufa from 1966 to 1996 which left a toxic radioactive legacy that continues to cause immense harm to the health and wellbeing of Tahitians and other Pacific peoples, and threatens the future of the Pacific ocean." "https://www.justsecurity.org/70976/as-trump-mulls-new-us-nuclear-tests-we-can-learn-from-a-small-countrys-resistance-to-the-bomb/ As Trump Mulls New US Nuclear Tests, We Can Learn from a “Small” Country’s Resistance to the Bomb
June 25, 2020 The Trump administration is reportedly considering restarting U.S. nuclear weapons testing for the first time since 1992. If President Donald Trump proceeds down this path, the United States would be the first, other than North Korea, to flout the global norm against nuclear test detonations in 22 years. Is it possible to stop a superpower from exploding a nuclear bomb? The story of Cook Islands, a “small” country in the Pacific, suggests people at the margins of global politics have unexpected agency. Between 1946 and 1996, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France conducted 318 nuclear test explosions in the Pacific region: in Australia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, French Polynesia (or Maohi Nui as it is known by supporters of its independence), Johnston Atoll (a U.S. territory) and Amchitka island in Alaska. The governments conducting the tests stereotyped the Pacific as a remote space ripe for experimentation, with people living there depicted as “few” and “uncivilized.” The nuclear detonations had catastrophic humanitarian and environmental consequences. With global attention understandably focused on stopping COVID-19, preventing new nuclear tests can seem like an irrelevant, retro concern. Despite concerted opposition from arms control experts, Trump has already turned his back on the Iran nuclear deal, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, the Arms Trade Treaty, and previous administrations’ restrictions on landmines. How do progressive activists find agency facing a nuclear weapons complex backed by the most powerful militaries in the world? Answers may lie in the history of the struggle against nuclear testing and the remarkable story of Cook Islanders’ resistance to the Bomb. A “Small” Country Bans the Bomb Cook Islands was among the first countries to join the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in September 2018. Adopted by 122 governments at the United Nations the previous year, the TPNW will – when it enters into force – comprehensively outlaw nuclear weapons among its members and establish a framework for assisting communities affected by use and testing. The Treaty’s supporters – including the Cook Islands government – aim to stigmatize the only weapon of mass destruction not yet banned by international law. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize for “its ground-breaking efforts to achieve” the TPNW and “draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences” of nuclear weapons. Cook Islands was not a site of nuclear testing. However, it was downwind from the U.K. and U.S. detonations at Christmas (now Kiritimati) and Malden islands in Kiribati from 1957 to 1963; and, in certain weather conditions, the French test sites at Moruroa and Fangataufa atolls from 1966 to 1996. Cynics were quick to sneer at Cook Islands joining the Treaty. Why would the United States or Russia care what a small island State thought about their arsenals? The nine nuclear-armed countries, along with their allies, boycotted the TPNW negotiations. What difference would the Treaty make? Echoing colonial condescension, commentators questioned whether Cook Islands even “counts” as a State in international law (factcheck: They do). But Cook Islands has played an outsized and rarely acknowledged role resisting big military powers’ use of the Pacific as a “nuclear playground.” Since gaining self-governance in 1965, key aims of Cook Islands’ foreign policy have been achieved: the Pacific is a nuclear weapons free zone; the U.K., the U.S., and France stopped their nuclear tests; the UN has adopted a nuclear ban treaty; and there is growing pressure to help nuclear test victims and remediate contaminated environments. Cook Islanders achieved these successes not by force – they have no military – but rather through diplomacy, international law, and connections with global activist networks. If we define power as the ability to shape the world according to one’s interests and values, Cook Islanders have been unexpectedly powerful. (See Epeli Hau’ofa’s analysis of how outsiders underestimate the power of “small” Pacific states, here and here). Downwind and Under Colonial Control A year before the U.K. tests in Kiribati commenced, traditional leaders of Cook Islands on the capital island of Rarotonga composed a report highlighting the potential risks. But, under New Zealand’s colonial control, Cook Islanders struggled to convey concerns to those in power. New Zealand allowed the U.K. to set up a monitoring station at Tongareva/Penrhyn, Cook Islands’ most northern island, 750 miles from Kiritimati. New Zealand naval personnel played a supporting role in the U.K. test program. Tauariki Meyer, who grew up on Rakahanga Atoll (850 miles from Kiritimati), later wrote that in 1957, when she was 10 years old, British and New Zealand naval personnel visited the island to inform them “not to drink any water from our wells or roof tanks nor to eat any vegetation, crops or fish for at least three months.” No alternative food supplies were offered. Playing hide and seek one day, she saw a “flash of light brighter than the sun. Shortly after the ground shook. … That evening the whole sky turned red [and] it stayed like that for about a week. … A few days after the blast our lagoon changed colour and all of the fish died floated to the surface….” Meyer’s campaign for compensation from the British government for the health problems she attributed to fallout was unsuccessful. Dr. Terepa’i Maoate, later Cook Islands’ prime minister, also reported seeing a flash while on Manihiki Island (900 miles from Kiritimati) during the period of the U.K. tests. He told a 2008 research conference “that he’d treated fatal cases of diarrhea and vomiting, and seen people with enlarged thyroids” but that no one at the time “made any connection to nuclear testing.” In the run up to its first Pacific atmospheric nuclear test, on Sept. 11, 1966, the French government asserted that “not a single particle of radioactive fallout will ever reach an inhabited island.” This did not reassure the Cook Islands Legislative Assembly, which passed a resolution noting the “practicable impossibility of preventing fallout” and describing the proposed tests as a “serious menace to health and security in the South Pacific.” As they prepared to explode the 120-kiloton device from a tethered balloon 600 meters in the air, French officials realized that winds were blowing toward populated islands. Since President Charles de Gaulle had travelled to French Polynesia to witness the test, they detonated it anyway. Over the following days, and throughout the French atmospheric tests, fallout was detected in Cook Islands by a monitoring network operated by the New Zealand National Radiation Laboratory (NRL). NRL repeatedly stated that low-level exposure to ionizing radiation from fallout in the South Pacific “constituted no public health hazard.” But the most recent and comprehensive review of the scientific literature has confirmed that there is no threshold below which radiation is safe. There is always an effect, even if small, on the overall cancer rate. A 1993 NRL report distanced itself from its earlier certainty, estimating a radiation dose from fallout that, according to the most widely used scientific model, would increase the cancer rate by about 1.1 per 10,000 people alive in the South Pacific during the period of atmospheric testing. Independent Diplomatic Action Cook Islands gained self-government from New Zealand in 1965 and has an unusual political status in the international system. Although a self-governing country with an elected government under a Westminster system, a constitution and the Queen of England as its head of State, it has residents but no citizens. All native Cook Islanders are also residents of New Zealand and can freely travel and reside in both countries. Foreign affairs and defense are responsibilities of the Queen, after consultation by the prime minster of New Zealand with the prime minister of the Cook Islands. In the decades since self-rule began, the Cook Islands has become increasingly assertive in pursuing its own foreign policy. While not a U.N. member, Cook Islands can join U.N. treaties and is a full member of regional intergovernmental institutions. Increased independence enabled Cook Islanders to express their concerns about the effects of Pacific atmospheric testing. Sir Albert Henry, Cook Islands’ first prime minister, had participated in anti-nuclear politics in New Zealand. Among his first acts in power was to deny flights associated with the French test program permission to overfly Cook Islands’ territory. The following year he refused to allow a dance team from the island of Aitutaki to participate in Bastille Day celebrations in French Polynesia. In 1965, Cook Islands proposed a resolution at the South Pacific Commission, calling on France to consider the impact nuclear testing would have on people in the region. The colonial powers refused to allow the Commission, a regional body coordinating economic and social policy, to discuss “political” issues and so the Cook Islands resolution was ruled out of order. “We are…a small country,” said Sir Albert, but “we are the closest to the French islands where the tests are to take place. … [I]f anyone has the right to speak out, then surely it is the Cook Islanders.” Unwilling to let their voice be stifled, Cook Islands proposed to Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa – the three fully independent Pacific island States – a new regional body that would allow the discussion of political issues. The first communique of this South Pacific Forum (now the Pacific Islands Forum) in 1971 raised concerns about French nuclear testing. Forum members then sponsored a U.N. General Assembly Resolution), passed in 1972, urging an end to French nuclear tests. Growing opposition to French tests was also expressed in major sea-borne demonstrations off Moruroa. Greenpeace boats sailed into the test zone, violently repelled by French security forces. The New Zealand government sent two frigates, the HMNZS Canterbury and the HMNZS Otago to register its protest. Australia and New Zealand (acting also on Cook Islands’ behalf) filed a case against France with the International Court of Justice in 1973, seeking to end atmospheric tests. Fiji also joined the suit. The judges’ preliminary ruling ordered the French government to “avoid nuclear tests causing the deposit of radioactive fall-out” on South Pacific countries. The Court declined to make a more comprehensive ruling when France stopped atmospheric testing in late 1974. When France announced that it would move tests underground, the Cook Islands government joined a joint diplomatic note expressing “fundamental opposition to all nuclear testing.” The government worried about accidents at the French test sites, as well as the risk of nuclear war in the region. In 1985, Pacific States met in Cook Islands to sign the Treaty of Rarotonga establishing the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone. The Treaty banned the “possession, manufacture, acquisition and testing” of nuclear weapons and the dumping of radioactive waste at sea anywhere in the Zone. Nevertheless, there were loopholes in the Treaty of Rarotonga that allowed nuclear submarines to traffic Pacific waters. While the Soviet Union and China ratified their relevant protocols in 1988, France, the U.K., and the U.S. did not sign until 1996. The U.S. still has not yet ratified, though then-President Barack Obama presented them to the Senate in 2011. Global Connections and Mass Protest Before the 1980s, most Cook Islanders were cut off from the international news media and knew little about regional debates on nuclear weapons. Many Cook Islanders also have close family, cultural, and social connections to French Polynesia, where the test program made enormous public investments, which muted their opposition. Even as he signed the Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, then-Prime Minister Sir Thomas Davis, chided New Zealand for closing ports to nuclear-armed U.S. ships. Davis, who had lived in America and worked for NASA, said the U.S. Navy were welcome in Cook Islands. There was little political action against the tests outside official circles and a few left-wing expatriates. Cook Islanders views changed as they became more connected with the world. Many travelled to New Zealand, where the nuclear issue was front-page news following the 1985 French bombing of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbor. Greenpeace protest vessels stopped in Rarotonga, welcomed by the government, drawing admiring crowds. By contrast, visiting French military personnel were met with verbal abuse from passersby. Meanwhile, the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific (NFIP) movement mobilized people at the grassroots. Backed by churches, trade unions, intellectuals, and NGOs, they amplified regional attention to the humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons. The French test program created stark economic inequalities and social problems, particularly in Fa’a’a, a working class suburb of French Polynesia’s capital Papeete, Tahiti. Test site workers and their families, concentrated in Fa’a’a, began to speak about their health concerns to political and religious leaders. In 1983, NFIP activist Oscar Temaru was elected mayor of Fa’a’a, which he declared a “Nuclear Free City.” Temaru has family connections and friends in Cook Islands and sought their support. When newly elected French President Jacques Chirac announced he would restart underground testing in 1995, ending a three-year moratorium, he ignited unprecedented indignation across the Pacific. Cook Islanders felt deeply afraid, both for themselves and their “cousins” in French Polynesia. Churches prayed for the tests to be cancelled. Children made anti-nuclear art in school. Medical professionals raised concerns about the effects of radiation. “We are defenseless against this outrage. The whole thing is just so bloody frightening. They will poison our seas,” businessman Ross Hunter told The Observer. Cook Islands’ then-Minister of Agriculture and Conservation Vaine Tairea reported that older people were “refusing to eat fish caught on the eastern side of the islands – the side facing Mururoa.” Cook Islands News, now a full newspaper, reported on the planned French tests in almost every issue. The prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Henry, sent a letter to the French government expressing “fervent hope” that it would “cease its testing programme at the earliest moment.” French claims that their nuclear tests were contamination-free were “an insult to our intelligence,” said Henry. These days, flipflops and plastic water bottles from French Polynesia end up on Cook Islands’ shores in Ngaputoru. We all live “in a single global environment,” he said. “All of humanity lives down current and down wind – we are all exposed, the amount is only a matter of degree.” But Henry’s rhetoric was less confrontational than other regional leaders. Henry refused calls for Cook Islands to boycott the 1995 South Pacific Games in Tahiti. And he welcomed a visit to Rarotonga from president of French Polynesia, Gaston Flosse. As a result, many Cook Islanders felt they could not rely on the government to express their indignation. Henry should “come out of his cocoon and take a much stronger stand,” said Dr. Terepa’i Maoate, then leader of an opposition party: “regardless of our small size, we cannot and should not continue to sit on the fence….” When opposition politicians organized a demonstration against the tests, Henry pivoted, perhaps seeking distraction from a government finance crisis. In a full-page ad in the Cook Islands News he invited all people “to march for Peace and a Nuclear Free Pacific” and express support for Greenpeace’s Rainbow Warrior II, then in Avarua harbor. On June 23, 1995, more than 1,000 people (around 5 percent of the population) marched in the country’s largest ever political demonstration. “We are here to protest against nuclear testing for the future generations,” a grandmother told the newspaper. Two days later, a delegation calling themselves Ipukarea-i-o-Kiva (Pacific Home) headed to Tahiti to show support for Oscar Temaru and local anti-nuclear activists. “Let the women and children of the Cook Islands convince the people of Tahiti” that they could not accept the “murderous” French tests in “silence,” said the group’s leader and former Miss Cook Islands, June Baudinet. Some Cook Islanders felt France’s intransigence required a more militant response. When Gaston Flosse visited Rarotonga on 7 August, 500 protestors met him at the airport. Felix Enoka, a Cook Islands champion body builder, was among them, having already joined a boycott of the upcoming South Pacific Games in Tahiti. Preparing for Flosse’s visit, Enoka and three friends hung a gigantic banner with the slogan “Nuclear Free” on Maungatea. Other activists collected tomatoes in an unsuccessful plot to give Flosse a pelting. 📷
Cook Islanders aboard a vaka (traditional canoe), perform a traditional chant in protest against French Pacific nuclear tests, just outside the 12-mile exclusion zone around the test site Moruroa, August 30, 1995. Photo: Steve Morgan, used with permission.
Cook Islanders also literally took their protest to the waves. As part of a pan-Pacific movement to celebrate the heritage of Polynesian seafaring, the Cook Islands government had been sponsoring cultural voyages of a vaka (traditional double-hulled canoe), the 72-foot Te-Au-O-Tonga. A Vaka ki Moruroa (Vaka to Moruroa) campaign persuaded the government to support sending Te-Au-O-Tonga to join the Greenpeace protest flotilla headed to Moruroa. “We are sending the vaka not because it’s aggressive or a threat to France,” said Brian Mason of the Vaka ki Moruroa committee, but rather “because it’s so utterly harmless and vulnerable.” Cook Islands News described it as “something of a David and Goliath situation.” The crew faced strong winds and turbulent waters and agauntlet of French battleships and military aircraft; they reluctantly accepted being towed much of the way by their escort patrol boat, Te Kukupa. But by August 30, the two vessels reached the 12-kilometer limit of territorial waters off Moruroa. Drawing intense international news coverage, the crew of the Te-Au-O-Tonga faced Moruroa and performed pe’e (traditional chants) “urging the French to take their bombs away.” On September 5, Cook Islands’ national seismic monitoring station detected the first nuclear detonation in the Pacific since 1991. Enoka, the bodybuilder, felt devastated: “I was thinking no, it can’t be true…it’s hard to believe.” Enoka had announced at a press conference the week before that if the test proceeded, he would burn a French flag at Rarotonga’s World War I memorial, dedicated to the 500 Cook Islands soldiers who helped defend France. Hundreds of people came to the Cenotaph to watch as Enoka, dressed as a traditional warrior and surrounded by WWI veterans “shedding tears”, touched a flaming torch to a French flag. Cook Islands News described how the “pent-up emotions” of “anti-test anger” produced an “instant reaction from the crowd, with a wave of shouting and jeering joining the drumbeats as the tricolour was reduced to ashes.” People fed paper flags to the flames, venting “their frustration at France’s deaf ear to pleas of the Polynesian, Pacific and global protest.” The same day, as the Te-Au-O-Tonga left Tahiti to return to Cook Islands, 15,000 Tahitians poured into the streets of Papeete to express their anger at the government. More militant activists occupied the Tahiti’s airport runway and set fire to the international terminal. The South Pacific Forum’s secretary-general, Ieremia Tabai, expressed the region’s “deep disappointment,” saying that the Forum countries “deplore … the way the French use our backyard to test nuclear weapons, putting at risk the Pacific environment, and the health of Pacific peoples….” France proceeded to detonate five more devices in French Polynesia. But facing diplomatic pressure, negative media coverage, a new case at the International Court of Justice, and global consumer boycotts, they finally backed down. Chirac cancelled the last two planned nuclear tests in 1996 and signed the recently negotiated Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Since 1999, only North Korea has flouted the international norm against nuclear tests. Cook Islands joined the CTBT in 2005. Jolene Bousanquet of the Vaka ki Moruroa campaign lamented that there were “no winners” in the story of nuclear testing in the Pacific. However, while France “lost respect,” Cook Islanders “gained mana [honor or authority] from their campaigns.” Support for the Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty Today, there remain an estimated 13,400 nuclear weapons in the world. While public mobilization for nuclear disarmament has waned in Cook Islands, it has remained the subject of regular coverage in the Cook Islands News, as well as a government priority. It would be “naïve” to believe Cook Islands could adequately respond to the humanitarian effects of a regional nuclear attack, Patrick A. Arioka told a 2013 conference in Oslo, Norway, on behalf of small island States. Then a Cook Islands emergency management official, Arioka is now a member of Parliament. Pacific States are “determined to support the disarmament of nuclear arms” because the tests have threatened the “cultures and traditions” of those who treasure “our ocean and land environments,” said Arioka. Rising sea levels have increased the risk of “radiation leakage” from Moruroa, even its “collapse.” As a result, “the time for half measures is over.” The way forward, Arioka said, was outlined in a 2011 international Red Cross resolution, co-sponsored by Cook Islands Red Cross, calling for a global prohibition of nuclear weapons, as well as international assistance for “recovery” of environments contaminated by nuclear tests. The Oslo meeting laid the foundations for a nuclear weapons ban treaty, by reframing nuclear diplomacy in terms of humanitarian, environmental, and human rights concerns, not just national security. As a non-member of the U.N., Cook Islands could not participate in the 2017 negotiations of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. But along with co-authors, Cook Islands submitted a working paper to the U.N., calling for closure of “the legal gap,” which left nuclear weapons the only weapons of mass destruction not yet banned by international law. The TPNW categorically prohibits nuclear weapons and establishes a framework for their elimination. The Treaty’s preamble recognizes the “unacceptable suffering of and harm caused to the victims” of nuclear weapons use and testing, as well as the “disproportionate impact” on indigenous peoples. As a result, the TPNW obligates assistance to victims of nuclear weapons use and testing and remediation of contaminated environments. On June 11, the Republican-controlled Senate Armed Services Committee voted on partisan lines to appropriate $10 million for a nuclear test “if necessary.” The Arms Control Association said that if approved, a U.S. nuclear test would “raise tensions and probably trigger an outbreak of nuclear testing by other nuclear actors, leading to an all-out global arms race in which everyone would come out a loser.” Siai Taylor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs told Cook Islands News that “What is perhaps not immediately clear to many … is just how close ongoing warring, strategic military and conflict situations are to us.” The “rising tensions” between military powers and their “continued reliance on nuclear weapons” has increased “the risk of a deliberate or accidental nuclear detonation.” While it is “unlikely that we are the targets,” there is “a very real possibility” that Cook Islanders “would come in harm’s way, or fall victim to a … nuclear mishap,” said Taylor. Cook Islands’ 2018 accession to the TPNW was thus “a reiteration of our anti-nuclear weapons stance,” an expression of its commitment to “humanitarian values,” “sustainable development” and “international law.”
Cover photo: Cook Islands’ largest ever political demonstration, against French nuclear testing, 23 June 1995. Steve Morgan, used with permission."
[H] 8-Bit Armies, S.T.A.L.K.E.R., 250 games [W] Opus Magnum, Sorcerer King: Rivals, Dead Man's Draw, want list (end of post)
No chat, please, just comments and PMs. Full WANT list is at end of post. If you see something you like, listed below, point me to a list of your stuff and I'll make an offer. I also accept Paypal for games (you cover fees... send using "Friends and Family", if possible). Any prices I quote are in USD. IGS rep (k) = key, (h) = Humble gift link, (l) = link to generated by Humble gift link, (ig) = key or IndieGala gift link, (s) = Steam gift There's a Recent bundle remnants list, an Other games list, and a Freedom bundle list. Approximately 250 games in total. There's also a Want list at the end.
[H] Opus Magnum, Sherlock Devil's Daughter, Agents of Mayhem, 250+ games [W] Jurassic World Evolution, XCOM 2, Warhammer 40,000: Gladius, game lists
Comments and PMs preferred rather than Reddit Chat. Full WANT list is at end of post. If you see something you like, listed below, point me to a list of your stuff and I'll make an offer. I also accept Paypal for games (you cover fees... send using "Friends and Family", if possible). Any prices I quote are in USD. IGS rep (k) = key, (h) = Humble gift link, (l) = link to generated by Humble gift link, (ig) = key or IndieGala gift link, (s) = Steam gift There's a Recent bundle remnants list, an Other games list, and a Freedom bundle list. Approximately 250 games in total. There's also a Want list at the end.
Singapore is home to many species of snake, from tiny burrowing blind snakes just 15 centimetres long, which burrow through the soil and hunt insects, to huge pythons several metres in length, lurking in our drains and sewers in pursuit of rats and stray cats. While most of our snakes are quite harmless, our forests and mangroves have their fair share of coral snakes, kraits, and pit vipers, all of them highly venomous and capable of ruining a careless or unlucky person's day. The Equatorial Spitting Cobra is probably the most dangerous of our venomous snakes, since it is commonly encountered in more urbanised areas in close proximity to people. Yet these serpents, for all their deadly beauty, pale in comparison to a snake so feared and so iconic that it has become a symbol of the Asian forests, a true superstar among the snakes - the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). The King Cobra is a diurnal snake that is mostly terrestrial, although it is also a capable climber and an excellent swimmer. It has a wide distribution that spans across much of tropical Asia, from the southwest, northern and eastern regions of the Indian subcontinent, to southern China, Indochina, and Thailand, the Andaman Islands, and south to Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, the Greater Sundas (Sumatra, Borneo, Java), all the way to Bali, Sulawesi, and the Philippines. While only a single species of King Cobra is recognised for now, there is some geographical variation in physical appearance. It is possible that future research will reveal that what we now call the King Cobra might actually be made up of several similar yet distinct species. Although the King Cobra and the so-called 'true' cobras (members of the genus Naja, such as the Equatorial Spitting Cobra, Indian Cobra, and Monocled Cobra) belong to the same family, the Elapidae, they are not each other's closest relatives. Instead, the King Cobra closest living relatives are the mambas of Africa (including the Black Mamba, another snake with a deadly reputation), with the cobras as more distant relatives. Other members of the Elapidae include the kraits, coral snakes, sea kraits, and sea snakes, as well as the many highly venomous snakes of Australia such as the brown snakes, taipans, and death adders. With a recorded maximum length of 5.85 metres, the King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snake. In Singapore, only the Reticulated Python exceeds it in size. Like the smaller cobras, it rears up and expands its hood to face a potential threat, but its hood is narrower and lacks the markings seen in some Asian species of cobra. The key difference though is height; it is said that a large King Cobra is able to rear up as high as a person's chest, and look them in the eye. And while many snakes will hiss loudly to warn predators to back off, the King Cobra's warning hiss is often described as more like a low menacing growl. Certainly, coming face to face with a King Cobra, especially one actively trying to defend itself, must be a most intimidating experience. This threatening display is not just an act. Like other elapids, the King Cobra has a pair of hollow fangs which are located at the front of its upper jaw, functioning like hypodermic needles. When it strikes, venom is pumped out of glands located at the back of the head, flows through these fangs, and is injected into the bite wound. The King Cobra packs a deadly punch, with venom full of neurotoxins that target the nervous system and heart. While the venom itself is not as deadly as that produced by several other snake species, it more than makes up for it in terms of the sheer volume that can be delivered. A single bite can kill a human within half an hour, and even fell elephants. A meal fit for a king However, the King Cobra uses its venom mostly to subdue its prey, which consists almost entirely of other snakes. When prey is encountered, the King Cobra sinks its fangs into its victim, often behind the back of the head, and clamps down hard. As the prey struggles, both snakes may end up getting entwined together. Defensive bites from prey don't seem to faze it at all. The neurotoxins in the venom work on the central nervous system, stopping the heart and paralysing muscles, and the lungs cease functioning. The victim eventually suffocates, and is then slowly swallowed whole, usually headfirst. In fact, the King Cobra has been assigned to its own genus, Ophiophagus, which translates to "snake-eater" in Greek, ophio- meaning "snake" and -phagus meaning "to eat". It is a very apt description of this species, which is unsurprisingly also known to be cannibalistic. Even other highly venomous snakes like cobras and vipers are no match for the king – it's been found to have evolved resistance to the venoms of its potential prey. Even the largest snakes in the jungle are not immune to predation by the King Cobra; it will readily go for pythons, although it is obviously limited to smaller individuals. There were two fairly recent eyewitness accounts of King Cobras going after Reticulated Pythons in Singapore – one took place next to a road in NTU campus in August 2015 (albeit close to the forest edge), while the other was along the MacRitchie Nature Trail in May 2017. These encounters must be an awesome spectacle to behold; two of the largest snakes of Southeast Asia in combat, venom against constricting coils. Things don't always go the King Cobra's way though; if the python manages to fight back, the predator might find itself fighting for its own life, which appears to be what happened during the sighting at NTU; the Reticulated Python, despite being smaller, managed to throw a coil around the King Cobra's neck, and the latter snake was struggling, presumably waiting for the venom to take hold and incapacitate its prey. A more recent photo of unknown provenance has made its rounds online, depicting a King Cobra and a Reticulated Python, both dead – the cobra likely bit and successfully envenomated the python, but the python managed to coil around and constrict the cobra before succumbing. Besides snakes, the King Cobra is also known to feed on monitor lizards. There is a video from January 2016 of one swallowing a young Malayan Water Monitor in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Birds and rodents have also been taken, although there are very few such records. Royal Families Reproduction in King Cobras seems rather straightforward at first: we know that the species is oviparous (egg-laying). However, there are some very interesting behaviours that make it stand out from other snakes. Like many other species, male King Cobras will engage in ritualised combat, rearing up and attempting to pin each other to the ground. This sparring allows rival males to show off their strength and establish dominance, and minimise the risk of them injuring or even killing each other. Courtship and mating can be a risky affair, especially since King Cobras routinely eat other snakes, and males typically grow larger than females. A receptive female leaves a scent trail that puts the male in the mood for sex instead of food, and he may pursue her through the forest for hours. Once he's caught up, and if she is slow to accept, he may headbutt her repeatedly until she relents. Mating may last for up to an hour, and the male will sometimes stay with her for several days, mating repeatedly, while at the same time warding off rivals. The female King Cobra does something that has not been observed in any other snake species to date; she actively builds a nest for her eggs, using her body and tail to gather leaves and other debris, sweeping them into a pile and packing them together to create a large mound. Fallen leaves of bamboo plants are a favoured nesting material, and King Cobra nests are often located close to or even among bamboo clumps. Within this nest, temperature and humidity remain constant, providing suitable conditions for the growth and development of the embryos. Guarding of young is not widespread among snakes, but after laying her eggs, the mother King Cobra will remain near the nest, fending off potential predators. A devoted mother, she may guard her brood for two to three months, fasting and living off her reserves. Only when the eggs are about to hatch does she leave the nest, probably to avoid triggering her predatory response and instinctively eating her own young. Baby King Cobras, which measure up to 60 centimetres in length when they first emerge, look very different from their parents, being black with conspicuous narrow white or yellow bands. Without the protection of their mother, they are vulnerable to all sorts of predators, which may even include adults of the same species. However, one thing they share in common with the adults is that even at such a young age, their venom is already potent and deadly. The King Cobra in Singapore Although the King Cobra is usually thought of as being restricted to forests, it is quite adaptable and will sometimes live near people. In other parts of its range, the King Cobra may be found in rice paddies and farmland, in plantations, and even near villages, as long as there is enough forest cover nearby. In fact, such places may even ultimately attract King Cobras; since rodents are abundant in agricultural areas and settlements, snakes that eat rats are lured by the prospects of good feeding opportunities, which in turn provide a rich hunting ground for the King Cobra. King Cobras can even be found in forest patches near densely-populated urban areas. For example, the species still survives in parts of Hong Kong. In mainland Singapore, the King Cobra is mostly restricted to forests, woodlands, and mangroves, although they are occasionally encountered in more developed areas. One stronghold is the Central Catchment Nature Reserve; a number of records have taken place in the vicinity of Rifle Range Road, MacRitchie Reservoir, and Upper Thomson. One male measuring 4.42 metres in length was found at the Singapore Island Country Club along Island Club Road in June 2002, but sadly, was beaten to death. That individual is now on display in the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum. They have also been seen in condominiums and military camps located along the forest fringes. Wild King Cobras are sometimes encountered within the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari, with some sightings taking place in broad daylight and in areas crowded with visitors. King Cobras have also been seen at Bukit Panjang on at least two occasions; one was a juvenile about 60 centimetres long, found in the Segar area in March 2000, while the other measured 2 metres long, and was seen in a drain near Bukit Panjang Plaza in November that same year. Both individuals were caught and sent to the Singapore Zoo; over the years, the zoo has received and kept quite a few King Cobras, with some of them going on display. Oddly, the King Cobra has yet to be recorded from the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, although it is likely to be present there. Another stronghold for the King Cobra is in the west of Singapore, encompassing the Western Catchment, Jalan Bahar, Lim Chu Kang, and Kranji areas. There have been quite a number of sightings of this species at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in recent years, which now appears to be the place where you have the higher chance of spotting this large but elusive snake. The species is also present on Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong. Interestingly, an adult was even encountered somewhere in Sentosa in May 2007. More records of this species in Singapore can be found in this paper published in 2011. Its majestic restraint Despite the King Cobra's size and deadly venom, it is not an aggressive snake by nature; even though it is not uncommon in some parts of its range and can be found living close to people, reports of bites are rare in comparison to those of other venomous snakes. Yes, its bite should never be taken lightly, but as a whole, it seems like these snakes possess a relatively mild temperament and placid disposition. Some accounts describing the capture of King Cobras say that the snake did not attempt to strike even when it had every opportunity to do so; instead the snake appeared to be more intent on trying to escape, deploying its threat display without following up on the threat with its fangs. Still, there have been instances where the King Cobra does mean business and strikes, with dire consequences. The King Cobra can be considered one of the more charismatic snakes; it's large, it has a fearsome reputation (not just because it's highly venomous, but also because it routinely eats other snakes), and as many people who have been close to one can testify, is a really majestic and unique creature. Filmmaker Janaki Lenin, who worked on a National Geographic documentary about the King Cobra, wrote:
There's something uncanny about the way a king cobra looks you in the eye. It's an indescribable feeling, an encounter with a sentient being. It's about making contact with an entity so utterly different from anything one knows and normally relates to. Keepers say that when they open the door to the king cobra cage, the snake is so perceptive of what's going on; it knows whether the keeper is planning to feed it or whether he is just checking up on it. But it is its majestic restraint that reveals its personality. For the 6 months it took to shoot the film, we were all in such close proximity to king cobras I marvel that no accident took place. And this is more due to the tolerance of the snake than anything else. The more closely we work with an animal, the more we take it for granted. We flaunted our own security protocol several times; each time the king cobra just warned us, mock charging but never carrying it through. This made us respect the creature more than any other.
There are a number of observations stating that in comparison to other snakes, King Cobras come across as being very alert, observant, and intelligent. Some people have asserted that captive King Cobras recognise their owners, and can be trained to some degree. But it's important to remember that these are still unpredictable, potentially deadly animals; ironically, quite a number of King Cobra bites involve people that were deliberately handling the snake, such as snake charmers and reptile hobbyists. All it takes is a moment of carelessness and bad luck, and a person with years of experience in handling highly venomous snakes could still end up in a life-threatening situation. Vanishing kingdom In Singapore, the King Cobra's survival depends on the continued protection of its habitats. Areas such as the Central Catchment Nature Reserve and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve are already protected, but development of other areas displaces King Cobras and other wildlife, and forces them to roam in search of new territories to occupy. Conflict with people is a major issue; a snake wandering into an urban area risks getting seen by frightened humans, and may end up seriously injured or killed. The roads that run alongside many of our forests and wooded areas present another hazard; some recent sightings of this species were of roadkills. Deforestation, persecution, and hunting threaten wild populations of King Cobras elsewhere, but exploitation for the tourist trade is another serious threat to the species in some locations. In several other parts of Asia, King Cobras are often caught for their meat and to make traditional medicines; the species is on the menu in the snake soup restaurants in Hong Kong. At the same time, it is revered in some cultures, and involved in snake charming performances. However, some unethical snake charmers are known to render their potentially deadly captives harmless, either by pulling out the fangs, or stitching the snakes' mouths shut. The King Cobra is among several species of snakes raised on so-called snake farms in several countries in the region, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Some farms raise snakes for meat, skins, and traditional medicines, while others operate under the guise of extracting venom for research and production of antivenom. Many of these farms, as well as too many awful zoos, are marketed as tourist attractions, and incorporate shows featuring King Cobras and other snakes being provoked and prodded for gawking visitors. Many captive snakes are not kept in suitable conditions and suffer injuries, or catch diseases and parasites, slowly wasting away and eventually dying while being made to perform for gawking crowds. Sometimes the snakes are taxidermised, or immersed in jars of rice wine to be sold to tourists. It's also not always clear whether these King Cobras were bred in captivity, or wild-caught; it's likely that a lot of these organisations simply replace those that die with more King Cobras captured from the wild. In some places, overhunting appears to have all but wiped out King Cobra populations. Due to the decline in wild populations in many parts of its range, the King Cobra is considered globally vulnerable to extinction. In many ways, the plight of the King Cobra illustrates the common challenges of conserving large predators: this species is constrained by ever-shrinking forests and encroachment, and individuals wander into inhabited areas where they come into conflict with people. It is hunted and consumed for meat, and also used in traditional medicines. Captives are often exploited, kept in substandard conditions, abused and subjected to the stress of performing for tourists. Yet at the same time, it is supposedly respected and revered by some of these very same cultures. If there is another iconic predator of the Asian forests that shares the very same problems faced by the King Cobra, it is the Tiger. Previous edition: Sunbirds
[H] Rain World, Caveblazers, I Am Bread, Republique, 250+ games [W] Game lists, want list (end of post)
No chat, please, just comments and PMs. Full WANT list is at end of post. If you see something you like, listed below, point me to a list of your stuff and I'll make an offer. I also accept Paypal for games (you cover fees... send using "Friends and Family", if possible). Any prices I quote are in USD. IGS rep (k) = key, (h) = Humble gift link, (l) = link to generated by Humble gift link, (ig) = key or IndieGala gift link, (s) = Steam gift There's a Recent bundle remnants list, an Other games list, and a Freedom bundle list. Approximately 250 games in total. There's also a Want list at the end.
Hazardous Waste. Australia has strict rules relating to the import, export and transit of hazardous waste to protect people and the environment and meet our international obligations under the Basel Convention on Controlling Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (the Basel Convention). Hazardous waste can be dangerous to children and pets if left around the house. Disposing of hazardous waste. You can drop off household hazardous waste free of charge at: Mugga Lane Resource Management Centre; Mitchell Resource Management Centre; Contact a private service provider to dispose of commercial quantities of hazardous waste. Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Amendment Act 2017: Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989. Superseded. 07/Nov/2016: C2016C01057: 17: 21/Oct/2016: 22/Feb/2017: Statute Update Act 2016: ... Act No. 33 of 2009 ... (1) The object of this Act is to regulate the export, import and transit of hazardous waste to ensure that exported, imported or transited waste is managed in an environmentally sound manner so that human beings and the environment, both within and outside Australia, are protected from the harmful effects of the waste. In NSW, acts and regulations govern waste management. Those who handle, store, transport, process, recycle and dispose of waste must follow these rules to minimise harm to human health and the environment. The EPA provides leadership to ensure NSW has a fair, modern and well-regulated waste industry. The main purpose of the Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 ('the Act') is to regulate the export, import and transit of hazardous waste to ensure that hazardous waste is disposed of safely so that human beings and the environment, both within and outside Australia, are protected from the harmful effects of the waste. Print Waste legislation. Local government waste management reforms; Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011. The Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 contains a suite of measures to reduce waste generation and landfill disposal and encourage recycling.. The legislation establishes a new framework to modernise waste management and resource recovery practices in Queensland. Disposal of Hazardous Wastes and Australia’s Waste Management Strategy” (1990) Environmental and Planning Law Journal 283 at 283. In this light, the regulation of the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes can be seen as an important step in the protection of the environment and human health, and a response to the following market failures: Information about the safe storage and use of household chemicals is available on Environment ACT’s Hazardous waste in your home page. If you are concerned that someone is not safely storing, using or disposing of their household chemicals, please contact Access Canberra on 13 22 81 . About the Act The main purpose of the Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 (‘the Act’) is to regulate the export, import and transit of hazardous waste to ensure that hazardous waste is dealt with appropriately so that human beings and the environment, both within and outside Australia, are protected from the harmful effects of the waste.
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