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How the Hunt Brothers Cornered the Silver Market and Then Lost it All

TL:DR: yes its long. Grab a beer.

​
Until his dying day in 2014, Nelson Bunker Hunt, who had once been the world’s wealthiest man, denied that he and his brother plotted to corner the global silver market.
Sure, back in 1980, Bunker, his younger brother Herbert, and other members of the Hunt clan owned roughly two-thirds of all the privately held silver on earth. But the historic stockpiling of bullion hadn’t been a ploy to manipulate the market, they and their sizable legal team would insist in the following years. Instead, it was a strategy to hedge against the voracious inflation of the 1970s—a monumental bet against the U.S. dollar.
Whatever the motive, it was a bet that went historically sour. The debt-fueled boom and bust of the global silver market not only decimated the Hunt fortune, but threatened to take down the U.S. financial system.
The panic of “Silver Thursday” took place over 35 years ago, but it still raises questions about the nature of financial manipulation. While many view the Hunt brothers as members of a long succession of white collar crooks, from Charles Ponzi to Bernie Madoff, others see the endearingly eccentric Texans as the victims of overstepping regulators and vindictive insiders who couldn’t stand the thought of being played by a couple of southern yokels.
In either case, the story of the Hunt brothers just goes to show how difficult it can be to distinguish illegal market manipulation from the old fashioned wheeling and dealing that make our markets work.
The Real-Life Ewings
Whatever their foibles, the Hunts make for an interesting cast of characters. Evidently CBS thought so; the family is rumored to be the basis for the Ewings, the fictional Texas oil dynasty of Dallas fame.
Sitting at the top of the family tree was H.L. Hunt, a man who allegedly purchased his first oil field with poker winnings and made a fortune drilling in east Texas. H.L. was a well-known oddball to boot, and his sons inherited many of their father’s quirks.
For one, there was the stinginess. Despite being the richest man on earth in the 1960s, Bunker Hunt (who went by his middle name), along with his younger brothers Herbert (first name William) and Lamar, cultivated an image as unpretentious good old boys. They drove old Cadillacs, flew coach, and when they eventually went to trial in New York City in 1988, they took the subway. As one Texas editor was quoted in the New York Times, Bunker Hunt was “the kind of guy who orders chicken-fried steak and Jello-O, spills some on his tie, and then goes out and buys all the silver in the world.”
Cheap suits aside, the Hunts were not without their ostentation. At the end of the 1970s, Bunker boasted a stable of over 500 horses and his little brother Lamar owned the Kansas City Chiefs. All six children of H.L.’s first marriage (the patriarch of the Hunt family had fifteen children by three women before he died in 1974) lived on estates befitting the scions of a Texas billionaire. These lifestyles were financed by trusts, but also risky investments in oil, real estate, and a host of commodities including sugar beets, soybeans, and, before long, silver.
The Hunt brothers also inherited their father’s political inclinations. A zealous anti-Communist, Bunker Hunt bankrolled conservative causes and was a prominent member of the John Birch Society, a group whose founder once speculated that Dwight Eisenhower was a “dedicated, conscious agent” of Soviet conspiracy. In November of 1963, Hunt sponsored a particularly ill-timed political campaign, which distributed pamphlets around Dallas condemning President Kennedy for alleged slights against the Constitution on the day that he was assassinated. JFK conspiracy theorists have been obsessed with Hunt ever since.
In fact, it was the Hunt brand of politics that partially explains what led Bunker and Herbert to start buying silver in 1973.
Hard Money
The 1970s were not kind to the U.S. dollar.
Years of wartime spending and unresponsive monetary policy pushed inflation upward throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Then, in October of 1973, war broke out in the Middle East and an oil embargo was declared against the United States. Inflation jumped above 10%. It would stay high throughout the decade, peaking in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution at an annual average of 13.5% in 1980.
Over the same period of time, the global monetary system underwent a historic transformation. Since the first Roosevelt administration, the U.S. dollar had been pegged to the value of gold at a predictable rate of $35 per ounce. But in 1971, President Nixon, responding to inflationary pressures, suspended that relationship. For the first time in modern history, the paper dollar did not represent some fixed amount of tangible, precious metal sitting in a vault somewhere.
For conservative commodity traders like the Hunts, who blamed government spending for inflation and held grave reservations about the viability of fiat currency, the perceived stability of precious metal offered a financial safe harbor. It was illegal to trade gold in the early 1970s, so the Hunts turned to the next best thing.
📷

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics; chart by Priceonomics

As an investment, there was a lot to like about silver. The Hunts were not alone in fleeing to bullion amid all the inflation and geopolitical turbulence, so the price was ticking up. Plus, light-sensitive silver halide is a key component of photographic film. With the growth of the consumer photography market, new production from mines struggled to keep up with demand.
And so, in 1973, Bunker and Herbert bought over 35 million ounces of silver, most of which they flew to Switzerland in specifically designed airplanes guarded by armed Texas ranch hands. According to one source, the Hunt’s purchases were big enough to move the global market.
But silver was not the Hunts' only speculative venture in the 1970s. Nor was it the only one that got them into trouble with regulators.
Soy Before Silver
In 1977, the price of soybeans was rising fast. Trade restrictions on Brazil and growing demand from China made the legume a hot commodity, and both Bunker and Herbert decided to enter the futures market in April of that year.
A future is an agreement to buy or sell some quantity of a commodity at an agreed upon price at a later date. If someone contracts to buy soybeans in the future (they are said to take the “long” position), they will benefit if the price of soybeans rise, since they have locked in the lower price ahead of time. Likewise, if someone contracts to sell (that’s called the “short” position), they benefit if the price falls, since they have locked in the old, higher price.
While futures contracts can be used by soybean farmers and soy milk producers to guard against price swings, most futures are traded by people who wouldn’t necessarily know tofu from cream cheese. As a de facto insurance contract against market volatility, futures can be used to hedge other investments or simply to gamble on prices going up (by going long) or down (by going short).
When the Hunts decided to go long in the soybean futures market, they went very, very long. Between Bunker, Herbert, and the accounts of five of their children, the Hunts collectively purchased the right to buy one-third of the entire autumn soybean harvest of the United States.
To some, it appeared as if the Hunts were attempting to corner the soybean market.
In its simplest version, a corner occurs when someone buys up all (or at least, most) of the available quantity of a commodity. This creates an artificial shortage, which drives up the price, and allows the market manipulator to sell some of his stockpile at a higher profit.
Futures markets introduce some additional complexity to the cornerer’s scheme. Recall that when a trader takes a short position on a contract, he or she is pledging to sell a certain amount of product to the holder of the long position. But if the holder of the long position just so happens to be sitting on all the readily available supply of the commodity under contract, the short seller faces an unenviable choice: go scrounge up some of the very scarce product in order to “make delivery” or just pay the cornerer a hefty premium and nullify the deal entirely.
In this case, the cornerer is actually counting on the shorts to do the latter, says Craig Pirrong, professor of finance at the University of Houston. If too many short sellers find that it actually costs less to deliver the product, the market manipulator will be stuck with warehouses full of inventory. Finance experts refer to selling the all the excess supply after building a corner as “burying the corpse.”
“That is when the price collapses,” explains Pirrong. “But if the number of deliveries isn’t too high, the loss from selling at the low price after the corner is smaller than the profit from selling contracts at the high price.”
📷

The Chicago Board of Trade trading floor. Photo credit: Jeremy Kemp

Even so, when the Commodity Futures Trading Commission found that a single family from Texas had contracted to buy a sizable portion of the 1977 soybean crop, they did not accuse the Hunts of outright market manipulation. Instead, noting that the Hunts had exceeded the 3 million bushel aggregate limit on soybean holdings by about 20 million, the CFTC noted that the Hunt’s “excessive holdings threaten disruption of the market and could cause serious injury to the American public.” The CFTC ordered the Hunts to sell and to pay a penalty of $500,000.
Though the Hunts made tens of millions of dollars on paper while soybean prices skyrocketed, it’s unclear whether they were able to cash out before the regulatory intervention. In any case, the Hunts were none too pleased with the decision.
“Apparently the CFTC is trying to repeal the law of supply and demand,” Bunker complained to the press.
Silver Thursday
Despite the run in with regulators, the Hunts were not dissuaded. Bunker and Herbert had eased up on silver after their initial big buy in 1973, but in the fall of 1979, they were back with a vengeance. By the end of the year, Bunker and Herbert owned 21 million ounces of physical silver each. They had even larger positions in the silver futures market: Bunker was long on 45 million ounces, while Herbert held contracts for 20 million. Their little brother Lamar also had a more “modest” position.
By the new year, with every dollar increase in the price of silver, the Hunts were making $100 million on paper. But unlike most investors, when their profitable futures contracts expired, they took delivery. As in 1973, they arranged to have the metal flown to Switzerland. Intentional or not, this helped create a shortage of the metal for industrial supply.
Naturally, the industrialists were unhappy. From a spot price of around $6 per ounce in early 1979, the price of silver shot up to $50.42 in January of 1980. In the same week, silver futures contracts were trading at $46.80. Film companies like Kodak saw costs go through the roof, while the British film producer, Ilford, was forced to lay off workers. Traditional bullion dealers, caught in a squeeze, cried foul to the commodity exchanges, and the New York jewelry house Tiffany & Co. took out a full page ad in the New York Times slamming the “unconscionable” Hunt brothers. They were right to single out the Hunts; in mid-January, they controlled 69% of all the silver futures contracts on the Commodity Exchange (COMEX) in New York.
📷

Source: New York Times

But as the high prices persisted, new silver began to come out of the woodwork.
“In the U.S., people rifled their dresser drawers and sofa cushions to find dimes and quarters with silver content and had them melted down,” says Pirrong, from the University of Houston. “Silver is a classic part of a bride’s trousseau in India, and when prices got high, women sold silver out of their trousseaus.”
According to a Washington Post article published that March, the D.C. police warned residents of a rash of home burglaries targeting silver.
Unfortunately for the Hunts, all this new supply had a predictable effect. Rather than close out their contracts, short sellers suddenly found it was easier to get their hands on new supplies of silver and deliver.
“The main factor that has caused corners to fail [throughout history] is that the manipulator has underestimated how much will be delivered to him if he succeeds [at] raising the price to artificial levels,” says Pirrong. “Eventually, the Hunts ran out of money to pay for all the silver that was thrown at them.”
In financial terms, the brothers had a large corpse on their hands—and no way to bury it.
This proved to be an especially big problem, because it wasn’t just the Hunt fortune that was on the line. Of the $6.6 billion worth of silver the Hunts held at the top of the market, the brothers had “only” spent a little over $1 billion of their own money. The rest was borrowed from over 20 banks and brokerage houses.
At the same time, COMEX decided to crack down. On January 7, 1980, the exchange’s board of governors announced that it would cap the size of silver futures exposure to 3 million ounces. Those in excess of the cap (say, by the tens of millions) were given until the following month to bring themselves into compliance. But that was too long for the Chicago Board of Trade exchange, which suspended the issue of any new silver futures on January 21. Silver futures traders would only be allowed to square up old contracts.
Predictably, silver prices began to slide. As the various banks and other firms that had backed the Hunt bullion binge began to recognize the tenuousness of their financial position, they issued margin calls, asking the brothers to put up more money as collateral for their debts. The Hunts, unable to sell silver lest they trigger a panic, borrowed even more. By early March, futures contracts had fallen to the mid-$30 range.
Matters finally came to a head on March 25, when one of the Hunts’ largest backers, the Bache Group, asked for $100 million more in collateral. The brothers were out of cash, and Bache was unwilling to accept silver in its place, as it had been doing throughout the month. With the Hunts in default, Bache did the only thing it could to start recouping its losses: it start to unload silver.
On March 27, “Silver Thursday,” the silver futures market dropped by a third to $10.80. Just two months earlier, these contracts had been trading at four times that amount.
The Aftermath
After the oil bust of the early 1980s and a series of lawsuits polished off the remainder of the Hunt brothers’ once historic fortune, the two declared bankruptcy in 1988. Bunker, who had been worth an estimated $16 billion in the 1960s, emerged with under $10 million to his name. That’s not exactly chump change, but it wasn’t enough to maintain his 500-plus stable of horses,.
The Hunts almost dragged their lenders into bankruptcy too—and with them, a sizable chunk of the U.S. financial system. Over twenty financial institutions had extended over a billion dollars in credit to the Hunt brothers. The default and resulting collapse of silver prices blew holes in balance sheets across Wall Street. A privately orchestrated bailout loan from a number of banks allowed the brothers to start paying off their debts and keep their creditors afloat, but the markets and regulators were rattled.
Silver Spot Prices Per Ounce (January, 1979 - June, 1980)
📷

Source: Trading Economics

In the words of then CFTC chief James Stone, the Hunts’ antics had threatened to punch a hole in the “financial fabric of the United States” like nothing had in decades. Writing about the entire episode a year later, Harper’s Magazine described Silver Thursday as “the first great panic since October 1929.”
The trouble was not over for the Hunts. In the following years, the brothers were dragged before Congressional hearings, got into a legal spat with their lenders, and were sued by a Peruvian mineral marketing company, which had suffered big losses in the crash. In 1988, a New York City jury found for the South American firm, levying a penalty of over $130 million against the Hunts and finding that they had deliberately conspired to corner the silver market.
Surprisingly, there is still some disagreement on that point.
Bunker Hunt attributed the whole affair to the political motives of COMEX insiders and regulators. Referring to himself later as “a favorite whipping boy” of an eastern financial establishment riddled with liberals and socialists, Bunker and his brother, Herbert, are still perceived as martyrs by some on the far-right.
“Political and financial insiders repeatedly changed the rules of the game,” wrote the New American. “There is little evidence to support the ‘corner the market’ narrative.”
Though the Hunt brothers clearly amassed a staggering amount of silver and silver derivatives at the end of the 1970s, it is impossible to prove definitively that market manipulation was in their hearts. Maybe, as the Hunts always claimed, they just really believed in the enduring value of silver.
Or maybe, as others have noted, the Hunt brothers had no idea what they were doing. Call it the stupidity defense.
“They’re terribly unsophisticated,” an anonymous associated was quoted as saying of the Hunts in a Chicago Tribune article from 1989. “They make all the mistakes most other people make,” said another.
p.s. credit to Ben Christopher
​

Story Time: Silver short squeeze

How the Hunt Brothers Cornered the Silver Market and Then Lost it All

TL:DR: yes its long. Grab a beer.

​
Until his dying day in 2014, Nelson Bunker Hunt, who had once been the world’s wealthiest man, denied that he and his brother plotted to corner the global silver market.
Sure, back in 1980, Bunker, his younger brother Herbert, and other members of the Hunt clan owned roughly two-thirds of all the privately held silver on earth. But the historic stockpiling of bullion hadn’t been a ploy to manipulate the market, they and their sizable legal team would insist in the following years. Instead, it was a strategy to hedge against the voracious inflation of the 1970s—a monumental bet against the U.S. dollar.
Whatever the motive, it was a bet that went historically sour. The debt-fueled boom and bust of the global silver market not only decimated the Hunt fortune, but threatened to take down the U.S. financial system.
The panic of “Silver Thursday” took place over 35 years ago, but it still raises questions about the nature of financial manipulation. While many view the Hunt brothers as members of a long succession of white collar crooks, from Charles Ponzi to Bernie Madoff, others see the endearingly eccentric Texans as the victims of overstepping regulators and vindictive insiders who couldn’t stand the thought of being played by a couple of southern yokels.
In either case, the story of the Hunt brothers just goes to show how difficult it can be to distinguish illegal market manipulation from the old fashioned wheeling and dealing that make our markets work.
The Real-Life Ewings
Whatever their foibles, the Hunts make for an interesting cast of characters. Evidently CBS thought so; the family is rumored to be the basis for the Ewings, the fictional Texas oil dynasty of Dallas fame.
Sitting at the top of the family tree was H.L. Hunt, a man who allegedly purchased his first oil field with poker winnings and made a fortune drilling in east Texas. H.L. was a well-known oddball to boot, and his sons inherited many of their father’s quirks.
For one, there was the stinginess. Despite being the richest man on earth in the 1960s, Bunker Hunt (who went by his middle name), along with his younger brothers Herbert (first name William) and Lamar, cultivated an image as unpretentious good old boys. They drove old Cadillacs, flew coach, and when they eventually went to trial in New York City in 1988, they took the subway. As one Texas editor was quoted in the New York Times, Bunker Hunt was “the kind of guy who orders chicken-fried steak and Jello-O, spills some on his tie, and then goes out and buys all the silver in the world.”
Cheap suits aside, the Hunts were not without their ostentation. At the end of the 1970s, Bunker boasted a stable of over 500 horses and his little brother Lamar owned the Kansas City Chiefs. All six children of H.L.’s first marriage (the patriarch of the Hunt family had fifteen children by three women before he died in 1974) lived on estates befitting the scions of a Texas billionaire. These lifestyles were financed by trusts, but also risky investments in oil, real estate, and a host of commodities including sugar beets, soybeans, and, before long, silver.
The Hunt brothers also inherited their father’s political inclinations. A zealous anti-Communist, Bunker Hunt bankrolled conservative causes and was a prominent member of the John Birch Society, a group whose founder once speculated that Dwight Eisenhower was a “dedicated, conscious agent” of Soviet conspiracy. In November of 1963, Hunt sponsored a particularly ill-timed political campaign, which distributed pamphlets around Dallas condemning President Kennedy for alleged slights against the Constitution on the day that he was assassinated. JFK conspiracy theorists have been obsessed with Hunt ever since.
In fact, it was the Hunt brand of politics that partially explains what led Bunker and Herbert to start buying silver in 1973.
Hard Money
The 1970s were not kind to the U.S. dollar.
Years of wartime spending and unresponsive monetary policy pushed inflation upward throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Then, in October of 1973, war broke out in the Middle East and an oil embargo was declared against the United States. Inflation jumped above 10%. It would stay high throughout the decade, peaking in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution at an annual average of 13.5% in 1980.
Over the same period of time, the global monetary system underwent a historic transformation. Since the first Roosevelt administration, the U.S. dollar had been pegged to the value of gold at a predictable rate of $35 per ounce. But in 1971, President Nixon, responding to inflationary pressures, suspended that relationship. For the first time in modern history, the paper dollar did not represent some fixed amount of tangible, precious metal sitting in a vault somewhere.
For conservative commodity traders like the Hunts, who blamed government spending for inflation and held grave reservations about the viability of fiat currency, the perceived stability of precious metal offered a financial safe harbor. It was illegal to trade gold in the early 1970s, so the Hunts turned to the next best thing.
📷

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics; chart by Priceonomics

As an investment, there was a lot to like about silver. The Hunts were not alone in fleeing to bullion amid all the inflation and geopolitical turbulence, so the price was ticking up. Plus, light-sensitive silver halide is a key component of photographic film. With the growth of the consumer photography market, new production from mines struggled to keep up with demand.
And so, in 1973, Bunker and Herbert bought over 35 million ounces of silver, most of which they flew to Switzerland in specifically designed airplanes guarded by armed Texas ranch hands. According to one source, the Hunt’s purchases were big enough to move the global market.
But silver was not the Hunts' only speculative venture in the 1970s. Nor was it the only one that got them into trouble with regulators.
Soy Before Silver
In 1977, the price of soybeans was rising fast. Trade restrictions on Brazil and growing demand from China made the legume a hot commodity, and both Bunker and Herbert decided to enter the futures market in April of that year.
A future is an agreement to buy or sell some quantity of a commodity at an agreed upon price at a later date. If someone contracts to buy soybeans in the future (they are said to take the “long” position), they will benefit if the price of soybeans rise, since they have locked in the lower price ahead of time. Likewise, if someone contracts to sell (that’s called the “short” position), they benefit if the price falls, since they have locked in the old, higher price.
While futures contracts can be used by soybean farmers and soy milk producers to guard against price swings, most futures are traded by people who wouldn’t necessarily know tofu from cream cheese. As a de facto insurance contract against market volatility, futures can be used to hedge other investments or simply to gamble on prices going up (by going long) or down (by going short).
When the Hunts decided to go long in the soybean futures market, they went very, very long. Between Bunker, Herbert, and the accounts of five of their children, the Hunts collectively purchased the right to buy one-third of the entire autumn soybean harvest of the United States.
To some, it appeared as if the Hunts were attempting to corner the soybean market.
In its simplest version, a corner occurs when someone buys up all (or at least, most) of the available quantity of a commodity. This creates an artificial shortage, which drives up the price, and allows the market manipulator to sell some of his stockpile at a higher profit.
Futures markets introduce some additional complexity to the cornerer’s scheme. Recall that when a trader takes a short position on a contract, he or she is pledging to sell a certain amount of product to the holder of the long position. But if the holder of the long position just so happens to be sitting on all the readily available supply of the commodity under contract, the short seller faces an unenviable choice: go scrounge up some of the very scarce product in order to “make delivery” or just pay the cornerer a hefty premium and nullify the deal entirely.
In this case, the cornerer is actually counting on the shorts to do the latter, says Craig Pirrong, professor of finance at the University of Houston. If too many short sellers find that it actually costs less to deliver the product, the market manipulator will be stuck with warehouses full of inventory. Finance experts refer to selling the all the excess supply after building a corner as “burying the corpse.”
“That is when the price collapses,” explains Pirrong. “But if the number of deliveries isn’t too high, the loss from selling at the low price after the corner is smaller than the profit from selling contracts at the high price.”
📷

The Chicago Board of Trade trading floor. Photo credit: Jeremy Kemp

Even so, when the Commodity Futures Trading Commission found that a single family from Texas had contracted to buy a sizable portion of the 1977 soybean crop, they did not accuse the Hunts of outright market manipulation. Instead, noting that the Hunts had exceeded the 3 million bushel aggregate limit on soybean holdings by about 20 million, the CFTC noted that the Hunt’s “excessive holdings threaten disruption of the market and could cause serious injury to the American public.” The CFTC ordered the Hunts to sell and to pay a penalty of $500,000.
Though the Hunts made tens of millions of dollars on paper while soybean prices skyrocketed, it’s unclear whether they were able to cash out before the regulatory intervention. In any case, the Hunts were none too pleased with the decision.
“Apparently the CFTC is trying to repeal the law of supply and demand,” Bunker complained to the press.
Silver Thursday
Despite the run in with regulators, the Hunts were not dissuaded. Bunker and Herbert had eased up on silver after their initial big buy in 1973, but in the fall of 1979, they were back with a vengeance. By the end of the year, Bunker and Herbert owned 21 million ounces of physical silver each. They had even larger positions in the silver futures market: Bunker was long on 45 million ounces, while Herbert held contracts for 20 million. Their little brother Lamar also had a more “modest” position.
By the new year, with every dollar increase in the price of silver, the Hunts were making $100 million on paper. But unlike most investors, when their profitable futures contracts expired, they took delivery. As in 1973, they arranged to have the metal flown to Switzerland. Intentional or not, this helped create a shortage of the metal for industrial supply.
Naturally, the industrialists were unhappy. From a spot price of around $6 per ounce in early 1979, the price of silver shot up to $50.42 in January of 1980. In the same week, silver futures contracts were trading at $46.80. Film companies like Kodak saw costs go through the roof, while the British film producer, Ilford, was forced to lay off workers. Traditional bullion dealers, caught in a squeeze, cried foul to the commodity exchanges, and the New York jewelry house Tiffany & Co. took out a full page ad in the New York Times slamming the “unconscionable” Hunt brothers. They were right to single out the Hunts; in mid-January, they controlled 69% of all the silver futures contracts on the Commodity Exchange (COMEX) in New York.
📷

Source: New York Times

But as the high prices persisted, new silver began to come out of the woodwork.
“In the U.S., people rifled their dresser drawers and sofa cushions to find dimes and quarters with silver content and had them melted down,” says Pirrong, from the University of Houston. “Silver is a classic part of a bride’s trousseau in India, and when prices got high, women sold silver out of their trousseaus.”
According to a Washington Post article published that March, the D.C. police warned residents of a rash of home burglaries targeting silver.
Unfortunately for the Hunts, all this new supply had a predictable effect. Rather than close out their contracts, short sellers suddenly found it was easier to get their hands on new supplies of silver and deliver.
“The main factor that has caused corners to fail [throughout history] is that the manipulator has underestimated how much will be delivered to him if he succeeds [at] raising the price to artificial levels,” says Pirrong. “Eventually, the Hunts ran out of money to pay for all the silver that was thrown at them.”
In financial terms, the brothers had a large corpse on their hands—and no way to bury it.
This proved to be an especially big problem, because it wasn’t just the Hunt fortune that was on the line. Of the $6.6 billion worth of silver the Hunts held at the top of the market, the brothers had “only” spent a little over $1 billion of their own money. The rest was borrowed from over 20 banks and brokerage houses.
At the same time, COMEX decided to crack down. On January 7, 1980, the exchange’s board of governors announced that it would cap the size of silver futures exposure to 3 million ounces. Those in excess of the cap (say, by the tens of millions) were given until the following month to bring themselves into compliance. But that was too long for the Chicago Board of Trade exchange, which suspended the issue of any new silver futures on January 21. Silver futures traders would only be allowed to square up old contracts.
Predictably, silver prices began to slide. As the various banks and other firms that had backed the Hunt bullion binge began to recognize the tenuousness of their financial position, they issued margin calls, asking the brothers to put up more money as collateral for their debts. The Hunts, unable to sell silver lest they trigger a panic, borrowed even more. By early March, futures contracts had fallen to the mid-$30 range.
Matters finally came to a head on March 25, when one of the Hunts’ largest backers, the Bache Group, asked for $100 million more in collateral. The brothers were out of cash, and Bache was unwilling to accept silver in its place, as it had been doing throughout the month. With the Hunts in default, Bache did the only thing it could to start recouping its losses: it start to unload silver.
On March 27, “Silver Thursday,” the silver futures market dropped by a third to $10.80. Just two months earlier, these contracts had been trading at four times that amount.
The Aftermath
After the oil bust of the early 1980s and a series of lawsuits polished off the remainder of the Hunt brothers’ once historic fortune, the two declared bankruptcy in 1988. Bunker, who had been worth an estimated $16 billion in the 1960s, emerged with under $10 million to his name. That’s not exactly chump change, but it wasn’t enough to maintain his 500-plus stable of horses,.
The Hunts almost dragged their lenders into bankruptcy too—and with them, a sizable chunk of the U.S. financial system. Over twenty financial institutions had extended over a billion dollars in credit to the Hunt brothers. The default and resulting collapse of silver prices blew holes in balance sheets across Wall Street. A privately orchestrated bailout loan from a number of banks allowed the brothers to start paying off their debts and keep their creditors afloat, but the markets and regulators were rattled.
Silver Spot Prices Per Ounce (January, 1979 - June, 1980)
📷

Source: Trading Economics

In the words of then CFTC chief James Stone, the Hunts’ antics had threatened to punch a hole in the “financial fabric of the United States” like nothing had in decades. Writing about the entire episode a year later, Harper’s Magazine described Silver Thursday as “the first great panic since October 1929.”
The trouble was not over for the Hunts. In the following years, the brothers were dragged before Congressional hearings, got into a legal spat with their lenders, and were sued by a Peruvian mineral marketing company, which had suffered big losses in the crash. In 1988, a New York City jury found for the South American firm, levying a penalty of over $130 million against the Hunts and finding that they had deliberately conspired to corner the silver market.
Surprisingly, there is still some disagreement on that point.
Bunker Hunt attributed the whole affair to the political motives of COMEX insiders and regulators. Referring to himself later as “a favorite whipping boy” of an eastern financial establishment riddled with liberals and socialists, Bunker and his brother, Herbert, are still perceived as martyrs by some on the far-right.
“Political and financial insiders repeatedly changed the rules of the game,” wrote the New American. “There is little evidence to support the ‘corner the market’ narrative.”
Though the Hunt brothers clearly amassed a staggering amount of silver and silver derivatives at the end of the 1970s, it is impossible to prove definitively that market manipulation was in their hearts. Maybe, as the Hunts always claimed, they just really believed in the enduring value of silver.
Or maybe, as others have noted, the Hunt brothers had no idea what they were doing. Call it the stupidity defense.
“They’re terribly unsophisticated,” an anonymous associated was quoted as saying of the Hunts in a Chicago Tribune article from 1989. “They make all the mistakes most other people make,” said another.
p.s. credit to Ben Christopher

Long time lurker, first time poster.
Before I begin.. I have never done a write up on here before, so, if I am lacking anything, welp, please be gentle. There are a bunch of pictures in the various articles linked below.
An elderly couple hadn't answered their phone in three days and their nephew, Marvin Marlin, was growing increasingly concerned. Marvin decided to go to their home but found the house was all locked up and the blinds drawn closed. He had no way to check on his aunt and uncle, so he called the police and requested a welfare check.
On June 23, 1965, Houston police officers accompanied Marvin to the home of the elderly couple. When there was no answer, they kicked the door in. Inside there was no sign of the couple or their son.
The house was a little messy, but according to Marvin, his aunt and uncle were not the neatest of people. What did seem odd was the moldy dinner on the table and the smell of rot coming from the 3-by-5 electric refrigerator in the kitchen.
After opening the freezer, police noticed the stacks and stacks of butchered hog meat.
The officers realized what they were dealing with after opening the crisper to find two human heads.
"On all the shelves and in the freezer compartment were the dismembered bodies, cut in unwrapped, washed off pieces smaller than individual joints. There was little food in the icebox."
"Whoever did this apparently took their time and knew what they were doing. The dismembering was a fairly neat job."
Edwina Rogers, 79, had been beaten and shot execution style. The killer had smashed in 81 year old Fred Rogers' head with a hammer, gouging out his eyes and removing his organs. Both were dragged to the master bedroom, drained of blood, chopped into pieces, and placed in the fridge. The organs were later found in a nearby sewer - the killer had chopped them up and flushed them down the toilet.
The house had been carefully cleaned, the only blood was discovered on the keyhole of a bedroom door. The bedroom belonged to the couples' son, 43 year old son Charles Rogers.
It was estimated that the Rogers' had been dead for three days, meaning they were murdered on Father's Day, June 20, 1965.
Charles was a recluse who only communicated with his parents via notes slipped under his bedroom door and rarely seen by neighbors.
The police never got the chance to speak with Charles, who, despite a nationwide manhunt, was never seen or heard from again. He was declared legally dead in 1975 by a Houston judge.
Charles Frederick Rogers was 43 years old and said to be extremely intelligent and with an intense interest in ham radios. He spoke several languages and had a Bachelor of Science degree in nuclear physics. He had been a pilot for the US Navy during WWII and served in the Office of Naval Intelligence.
Upon discharge, he became a seismologist for Shell Oil Company. At some point in the 1950's, Charles is said to have been involved in the Civil Air Patrol where he met David Ferrie - a man later accused of being involved in the plot to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.
After 9 years with Shell, Charles inexplicably quit his job without explanation and moved in with his parents, but they rarely ever saw their son. Charles turned into a loner and recluse living in the attic bedroom.
After the murders of Fred & Edwina, an international manhunt commenced in search of Charles. Most of the Rogers' neighbors were shocked to learn they had a son at all. Those who knew about Charles, like his cousin Marvin, said Charles rarely left the house, but when he did it become dawn and he would not return until after dark.
** THEORIES *\*
1
In 1992, John R. Craig & Phillip A. Rogers documented Charles' life in the book The Man on the Grassy Knoll.
In it, the authors - who were investigators for the National Intelligence Service Bureau - claim that Charles was a CIA agent until the mid 1980's. They accuse Charles of being one of the men who assassinated President John F. Kennedy, and of impersonating Lee Harvey Oswald in Mexico City. They say Charles was 1 of the "three tramps", along with Charles Harrelson [father of actor Woody Harrelson] and Chauncey Holt, who were arrested in Dealey Plaza after the assassination of Kennedy.
The authors also claim that this is why Charles had to kill his parents, Edwina was listening to and keeping track of Charles' CIA phone calls. The elderly couple knew too much and needed to be killed.
According to the Man on the Grassy Knoll, Charles fled to Guatemala, where he likely died of old age. The book has been heavily criticized for its complete lack of sources and blatantly fictionalized accounts of certain events, conversations and attributed thoughts.
2
In 1997, forensic accountant Hugh Gardenier and his wife, Martha, began investigating the crime themselvers. They wrote their own book detailing their theories, The Ice Box Murders.
In the book, they acknowledge that Charles had dealings with CIA contract workers while he was a seismologist for Shell, but they completely reject the notion that Charles was a CIA agent himself who needed to dismember his parents after they overheard his not so secret/secret phone calls from the attic about killing Kennedy.
Instead, the Gardeniers believe Charles was emotionally and physically abused as a child, and as an adult, by his father. Which, you know, cutting off his father's genitals on Father's Day, might confirm that a bit.
They also claim that near the end of their life, Edwina and Fred were both defrauding their son, forging his signature on deeds of land he owned, and taking out loans in his name and pocketing the money. The Gardeniers label Fred and Edwina "devious con artists." They say Fred worked as a bookie, regularly engaging in gambling and fraud, stealing large sums of money from Charles and continuing to physically abuse the grown man.
The Gardeniers claim Charles had been planning his parents' death for years and used his "powerful friends", whom he had met through his ham radio hobby while working in the oil industry, to flee to Mexico. They theorize Charles eventually ended up in Honduras where he experienced some cosmic karma when he was killed over a wage dispute with miners.
The Ice Box Murders has been called "a work of fact based fiction."
Sources:
https://truecrimesociety.com/2019/09/21/1815-driscoll-street-houston-tx/amp/
https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/amp/grisly-ice-box-murders-7251178.php
https://www.houstoniamag.com/news-and-city-life/2018/11/icebox-murders
https://heresthefuckingtwist.com/2020/01/21/true-crime-tuesday-the-ice-box-murders/amp/

In 1969, Thomas Hoyt Friedkin, signed a franchise deal with Toyota to distribute their automobile vehicles and parts in the Houston area of Texas. The company was called the Gulf States Toyota Distributors.
Three years later, in 1972, the company employed 35 associates and had sold over 5000 Toyota cars and trucks through 14 dealerships. Since then, it has accounted for over 13% of all Toyota sales in the United States across the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.
The Gulf States Toyota Distributors is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Friedkin Group, which is now led by Thomas Friedkin’s son, Daniel. The Friedkin Group now encompasses a consortium of companies across many industries - automotive, hospitality, entertainment, and sports.
On 17th August 2020, Italian football club AS Roma announced that it had been acquired in a €591million deal with the Friedkin Group. This takeover brought an end to the 8-year reign of the former Boston-based club owner James Pallotta, who took over the club in August of 2012.
The investment was made via a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) - Romulus and Remus Investments LLC - a company incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in the United States.
This takeover meant that the Friedkin Group now owned 86.6% of the club owning a total of 544,468,535 at the price of €0.1165 per share. The remaining 13.4% of the club’s share capital is publicly owned, with the Friedkin Group initiating a mandatory tender offer upon these publicly-owned shares.
Stumbling Blocks
In the semi-annual Financial Report released by AS Roma for the 2019-20 financial year, the Giallorossi earned €94.641 million as its income. This is approximately €40 million less than this time last year.
As for the total costs incurred by the club during this time, there was a slight decrease from last year dropping from €136 million to €123 million.
Part of the reason for this loss in revenue was the dissolution of the agreement AS Roma had with their training kit sponsor Betway. In July 2018, the Italian government had passed the “Dignity Decree” - a legislation that prohibits the advertising of gambling logos, forcing the club to terminate their relationship with the betting company.
In the first 9 months of the 2019/20 financial season, the Giallorossi sustained losses totaling €126 million, with the total debt at €280 million.
This is not a one-off situation either. Roma has been struggling financially for quite some time now. For instance, revenue dropped down €17m to €236m, mainly due to less progress in the Champions League. Television revenue also went down 13% to €145m. So did matchday revenue, which dropped 14% to €34m.
The good news is that commercial revenue was up €10m to €55m, and revenues from player sales went up 19% from €320m to €380m.
The Road Ahead
The revenue highlights show that it’s important for the Giallorossi to qualify for the Champions League and go a step ahead. The 2018/19 revenue of €236m was greatly influenced by revenues directly received from the Champions League, earning the club almost €66m. This was not as much as last year’s revenue though, with Roma earning €98m from the Champions League.
This is part of the reason that the Friedkin Group took over the capital-based club. The new Board of Directors includes a mix of astute businessmen and financial lawyers who bring the necessary expertise to run the club.
For instance, besides the Chairman Dan Freidkin, the BOD includes people like Marc Watts, who is President of The Friedkin Group. Partner at taxation law firm Salvini and Partners, Ines Gandini also joins the BOD bringing her years of taxation experience into the club.
In addition, Professor of legal financial regulations Mirella Pellegrini also joins the BOD, as does Eric Williamson, who is the VP of the Friedkin Business Development Group. There is also on the BOD Benedetta Navarra, who represents Unicredit - one of AS Roma’s creditors.
A new Executive committee has also been formed consisting of Dan Friedkin, Ryan Friedkin, Marc Watts, Eric Williamson with Guido Fienga as CEO.
Fienga had started working with AS Roma under the Pallotta regime as the Strategy and Media Director in 2013, before being appointed as Chief Operating Officer last year, where he handled the day-to-day operations of the club.
He will now be assisted by Ryan Friedkin, son of Daniel Friedkin, who has since moved to Italy and will be running the club’s day to day operations with Fienga.
One of the criticisms leveled against Pallotta was the lack of progress in building the much-needed new stadium for the club. This is something that the new management will have to take on. In pursuing the Stadio Della Roma project, they will have to work closely with city Mayor Virginia Raggi - who is known to be on good terms with CEO Guido Fienga.
So far, the moves made by the Friedkin Group look good on paper. They will also be getting a helping hand from the Pallotta group until the end of December to sort out their financial woes. The arrival of Pedro and Jordan Veretout will add much-needed firepower to their on-field performances too.
Whether this acquisition is something the AS Roma fans will remember with fond memories, only time will tell
PS: If you're reading this far, please consider subscribing to Your Weekend Beer - a weekend newsletter on the business of football.
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174. Statistics for the Behavioral and Social Sciences: A Brief Course, 6th Edition: Arthur Aron & Elliot J. Coups & Elaine N. Aron
     
175. Strategic Brand Management: Global Edition, 4th Edition: Kevin Keller
     
176. Strategic Management: Theory & Cases: An Integrated Approach, 13th Edition: Charles W. L. Hill & Melissa A. Schilling & Gareth R. Jones
     
177. Strategic Project Management Made Simple: Practical Tools for Leaders and Teams, 1st Edition: Terry Schmidt
     
178. Strategies & Tactics for the MBE (Bar Review), 7th Edition: Steven Emanuel
     
179. Succession Planning Basics (Training Basics), 2nd Edition: Christee Gabour Atwood
     
180. Teaching and Researching Writing (Applied Linguistics in Action), 3rd Edition: Ken Hyland
     
181. The American Political System, 3rd Edition, 2018 Election Update Edition: Ken Kollman
     
182. The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776–2018, 8th Edition: Sidney M. Milkis & Michael Nelson
     
183. The Atlas of Water: Mapping the World's Most Critical Resource, 3rd Edition: Maggie Black
     
184. The Basic Principles of Effective Consulting, 2nd Edition: Linda K. Stroh
     
185. The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas, MLA Update, 9th Edition: Laurie G. Kirszner & Stephen R. Mandell
     
186. The Book on Estimating Rehab Costs, 2nd Edition: J Scott
     
187. The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics: Elizabeth Quay Hutchison & Thomas Miller Klubock & Nara B. Milanich & Peter Winn
     
188. The Coaching Manager: Developing Top Talent in Business, 3rd Edition: James M. Hunt & Joseph R. Weintraub
     
189. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, and Writing, 12th Edition: Michael Meyer & D. Quentin Miller
     
190. Clinical Guide to Musculoskeletal Palpation: A Clinical Guide, 1st Edition: Michael Masaracchio & Chana Frommer
     
191. Essentials of Environmental Health (Essential Public Health), 3rd Edition: Robert H. Friis
     
192. The Elements of Investing: Easy Lessons for Every Investor: Burton G. Malkiel & Charles D. Ellis
     
193. The Essential World History, Volume I: To 1800, 9th Edition: William J. Duiker & Jackson J. Spielvogel
     
194. Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 4th Edition: Linda Null & Julia Lobur
     
195. The Esthetician's Guide to Outstanding Esthetics: Proven Techniques From Today's Industry Icons: Beth Kenerson & Ali Shambayati & Becky Keuhn
     
196. The Ethical Executive: Becoming Aware of the Root Causes of Unethical Behavior: 45 Psychological Traps that Every One of Us Falls Prey To, 1st Edition: Robert Hoyk & Paul Hersey
     
197. The European Reformations, 2nd Edition: Carter Lindberg
     
198. The Labor Relations Process, 11th Edition: William H. Holley & William H. Ross & Roger S. Wolters
     
199. The Official SAT Study Guide, 2018 Edition (Official Study Guide for the New Sat) Study Guide Edition: The College Board
     
200. The PowerScore LSAT Logical Reasoning Bible, 2020 edition: David M. Killoran
     
201. The Skilled Helper: A Problem-Management and Opportunity-Development Approach to Helping, 11th Edition: Gerard Egan & Robert J. Reese
     
202. The State of Texas: Government, Politics, and Policy, 4th Edition: Sherri Mora
     
203. The Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations, 8th Edition: Peter M. Ginter & W. Jack Duncan & Linda E. Swayne
     
204. The Sundance Writer: A Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook, 5th Edition: Mark Connelly
     
205. Transforming Learning with New Technologies, 3rd Edition: Robert W. Maloy & Ruth-Ellen A. Verock & Sharon A. Edwards & Beverly P. Woolf
     
206. Trauma Nursing: From Resuscitation Through Rehabilitation, 5th Edition: Karen A. McQuillan & Mary Beth Makic
     
207. Trigonometry, 5th Edition: Mark Dugopolski
     
208. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior, 6th Edition: Jennifer M. George & Gareth R. Jones
     
209. Understanding Motivation and Emotion, 6th Edition: Johnmarshall Reeve
     
210. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition: Warren McCabe & Julian Smith & Peter Harriott
     
211. Women and Sport: Continuing a Journey of Liberation and Celebration, 1st Edition: Ellen J. Staurowsky & Ellen J Staurowsky
     
212. Workbook for Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 11th Edition: Stewart C. Bushong
     
213. World Regional Geography: A Development Approach, 11th Edition: Douglas L. Johnson & Viola Haarmann & Merrill L. Johnson
     
214. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume 1, 5th Edition: Robert Tignor & Jeremy Adelman & Peter Brown & Benjamin Elman
     
215. Writing About Movies, 5th Edition: Karen Gocsik & Dave Monahan
     
216. Your Statistical Consultant: Answers to Your Data Analysis Questions, 2nd Edition: Newton Rae R. & Kjell Erik Rudestam
     
217. Youth, Crime, and Justice: Learning through Cases: Erika Gebo & Carolyn Boyes-Watson
     
218. Understanding Operating Systems, 7th Edition: Ann McHoes & Ida M. Flynn
     
219. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition: Bertram Katzung
     
220. Ethics for the Information Age, 8th Edition: Michael J. Quinn
     
221. Family Life Education: Working with Families across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition: Carol A. Darling & Dawn Cassidy & Lane Powell
     
222. International Financial Reporting: A Practical Guide, 6th Edition: Alan Melville
     
223. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 9th Edition: Kang-tsung Chang
     
224. Mastering Kali Linux for Advanced Penetration Testing, 3rd Edition: Robert W. Beggs
     
225. Mosby's Canadian Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests, 2nd Edition: Sandra A. Pike-MacDonald & Kathleen Deska Pagana & Timothy J. Pagana
     
226. Mosby's 2019 Nursing Drug Reference, 32nd Edition: Linda Skidmore-Roth
     
227. Movie History: A Survey, 2nd Edition: Douglas Gomery & Clara Pafort-Overduin
     
228. Neuroscience: Fundamentals for Rehabilitation, 5th Edition: Laurie Lundy-Ekman
     
229. Observing and Recording the Behavior of Young Children, 6th Edition: Dorothy H. Cohen & Virginia Stern & Nancy Balaban & Nancy Gropper
     
230. Pediatric Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 1st Edition: Susan S. Sawyer
     
231. The New Meaning of Educational Change, 4th Edition: Michael Fullan
     
232. Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 5th Edition: William Navidi
     
233. South-Western Federal Taxation 2020: Corporations, Partnerships, Estates and Trusts, 43rd Edition: William A. Raabe & James C. Young & William H. Hoffman & Annette Nellen & David M. Maloney
     
234. Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 11th Edition: Richard Budynas & Keith Nisbett
     
235. Principles of Corporate Finance, 10th Edition: Richard A. Brealey & Stewart C. Myers & Franklin Allen
     
236. Sport Mechanics for Coaches, 3rd Edition: Brendan Burkett
     
237. An R Companion to Political Analysis, 2nd Edition: Philip H. Pollock III & Barry C. Edwards
     
238. Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics, 3rd Edition: Michael Yeo & Anne Moorhouse & Pamela Kahn & Patricia Rodney
     
239. Reference and Information Services : An Introduction, 4th Edition: Kay Ann Cassell & Uma Hiremath
     
240. Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement: Improving Performance in Sport and Exercise, 3rd Edition: Duane V. Knudson
     
241. Public Management: Thinking and Acting in Three Dimensions, 2nd Edition: Carolyn J. Hill & Laurence E. Lynn
     
242. Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the Right Thing at Work, 1st Edition: Debra R. Comer & Gina Vega
     
243. Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse, 2nd Edition: Kathleen Wheeler
     
244. Psychology of Sport Injury, 1st Edition: Britton W. Brewer & Charles J. Redmond
     
245. Practicing Harm Reduction Psychotherapy: An Alternative Approach to Addictions, 2nd Edition: Patt Denning & Jeannie Little
     
246. Elements of Physical Chemistry, 7th Edition: Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula
     
247. Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings, 2nd Edition: Philip A. Fisher & Kenneth L. Fisher
     
248. Product Demos That Sell: How to Deliver Winning SaaS Demos, 1st Edition: Steli Efti
     
249. Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology, 5th Edition: John M. Nicholas & Herman Steyn
     
250. Philosophy: The Power Of Ideas, 10th Edition: Brooke Noel Moore & Kenneth Bruder
     
251. Re-imagining Policing in Canada (Heritage), 1st Edition: Dennis Cooley
     
252. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, 16th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Michael C. Ehrhardt
     
253. Blue Ocean Shift: Beyond Competing: Proven Steps to Inspire Confidence and Seize New Growth: W. Chan Kim & Renee Mauborgne
     
254. Introductory Biological Statistics, 4th Edition: John E. Havel & Raymond E. Hampton & Scott J. Meiners
     
255. Creating Meaning Through Literature and the Arts: Arts Integration for Classroom Teachers, 5th Edition: Claudia E. Cornett
     
256. Mathematics for Elementary Teachers with Activities, 5th Edition: Sybilla Beckmann
     
257. Wiley Pathways Personal Finance: Managing Your Money and Building Wealth, 1st Edition: Vickie L. Bajtelsmit & Linda G. Rastelli
     
258. Health Care Information Systems: A Practical Approach for Health Care Management, 4th Edition: Karen A. Wager & Frances W. Lee & John P. Glaser
     
259. Treating Complex Trauma in Children and Their Families: An Integrative Approach, 1st Edition: Cheryl B. Lanktree & John N. Briere
     
260. Profit Without Honor: White Collar Crime and the Looting of America, 7th Edition: Stephen Rosoff & Henry Pontell & Robert Tillman
     
261. Uncertainty Management for Robust Industrial Design in Aeronautics, 1st Edition: Charles Hirsch & Dirk Wunsch & Jacek Szumbarski
     
262. Statistics: Informed Decisions Using Data, 5th Edition: Michael Sullivan III
     
263. Exploring Research, 8th Edition: Neil J. Salkind
     
264. Profit Without Honor: White Collar Crime and the Looting of America, 6th Edition: Stephen M. Rosoff & Henry N. Pontell & Robert Tillman
     
265. Principles of Economics 2e, 1st Edition: Timothy Taylor & Steven A. Greenlaw & David Shapiro
     
266. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 3rd Edition: M. Anne Katzenberg & Anne L. Grauer
     
267. AutoCAD 2018 3D Drawing & Modeling - Mixed Units: Autodesk Authorized Publisher, 1st Edition: Ascent - Center for Technical Knowledge
     
268. The West in the World, 5th Edition: Dennis Sherman & Joyce Salisbury
     
269. Hospice and Palliative Care for Companion Animals: Principles and Practice, 1st Edition: Amir Shanan & Tamara Shearer & Jessica Pierce
     
270. Fluid Mechanics of Planets and Stars, 1st Edition: Michael Le Bars & Daniel Lecoanet
     
271. Fundamentals of Financial Accounting, 5th Edition: Fred Phillips & Robert Libby & Patricia Libby
     
272. World Politics: Trend and Transformation, 2016 - 2017, 16th Edition: Shannon L. Blanton & Charles W. Kegley
     
273. Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students, 3rd Edition: Robert M. Huff & Michael V. Kline & Darleen V. Peterson
     
274. Wiley Series 57 Securities Licensing Exam Review 2019 + Test Bank: The Securities Trader Examination, 1st Edition: Wiley
     
275. Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 8th edition: Michael Baye & Jeff Prince
     
276. A Handbook to the Reception of Ovid, 1st Edition: John F. Miller & Carole E. Newlands
     
277. Life-Span Development, 17th Edition: John Santrock
     
278. Transport Processes at Fluidic Interfaces, 1st Edition: Dieter Bothe & Arnold Reusken
     
279. Modern Advanced Accounting in Canada, 8th Edition: Murray Hilton & Darrell Herauf
     
280. Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 3rd Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
281. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health, 9th Edition: Linda Brannon & Jess Feist & John A. Updegraff
     
282. Empowerment Series: Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective, 6th Edition: Jose B. Ashford & Craig Winston LeCroy & Lela Rankin Williams
     
283. Advanced Techniques and Technology of Computer-Aided Feedback Control, 1st Edition: Jean Mbihi
     
284. Phase Transformations (Chemical Engineering: Chemical Thermodynamics), 1st Edition: Michel Soustelle
     
285. Thermodynamics, 1st Edition: Jean-Paul Duroudier
     
286. Design of Prestressed Concrete to Eurocode 2, 2nd Edition: Raymond Ian Gilbert & Neil Colin Mickleborough & Gianluca Ranzi
     
287. Prestressed Concrete Designer's Handbook, 3rd Edition: P.W. Abeles & B K Bardhan-Roy
     
288. Prestressed Concrete Design to Eurocodes, 1st Edition: Prab Bhatt
     
289. Social-Emotional Prevention Programs for Preschool Children's Behavior Problems: A Multi-level Efficacy Assessment of Classroom, Risk Group, and Individual Level:de Catrinel Alice Ştefan
     
290. Cultural Anthropology, 9th Edition: Raymond R Scupin
     
291. Theories of Personality, 9th Edition: Jess Feist & Gregory Feist & Tomi-Ann Roberts
     
292. Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition: David P. Clark & Nanette J. Pazdernik
     
293. Microeconomics, 11th Edition: David Colander
     
294. MATLAB: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem Solving, 5th Edition: Stormy Attaway
     
295. Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology, 4th Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
296. University Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 3rd Edition: Joel R. Hass & Maurice D. Weir & George B. Thomas
     
297. Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 6th Edition: Brian Hahn & Daniel Valentine
     
298. Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 7th Edition: Brian Hahn & Daniel Valentine
     
299. The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions of Race, Sex and Gender, Social Class, Sexual Orientation, and Disability, 7th Edition: Karen Rosenblum
     
300. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 4th Edition: Craig Stanford & John S. Allen & Susan C. Antón
     
301. Essentials of Biological Anthropology, 4th Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
302. Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11th Global Edition: Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
     
303. Mirror for Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 11th Edition: Conrad Kottak
     
304. Cultural Intimacy (Routledge Classic Texts in Anthropology), 3rd Edition: Michael Herzfeld
     
305. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice, 4th Edition: Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk & Ellen Fineout-Overholt
     
306. A Textbook of Community Nursing, 1st Edition: Sue Chilton & Karen Melling & Ann Clarridge & Heather Bain
     
307. Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition: Stanley I. Sandler
     
308. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 9th Edition: Michael J. Moran & Howard N. Shapiro & Daisie D. Boettner & Margaret B. Bailey
     
309. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Edition: J.M. Smith
     
310. Feedback Control Theory for Dynamic Traffic Assignment, 2nd Edition: Pushkin Kachroo & Kaan M.A. Özbay
     
311. Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning and Behavior Problems, 9th Edition: Sharon R. Vaughn & Candace S. Bos
     
312. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study, 10th Edition: Paula S. Rothenberg
     
313. Planar Multibody Dynamics: Formulation, Programming with MATLAB®, and Applications, 2nd Edition: Parviz E. Nikravesh
     
314. Oxford American Handbook of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2nd Edition: Sriram Yennurajalingam & Eduardo Bruera
     
315. Network Modeling, Simulation and Analysis in MATLAB: Theory and Practices, 1st Edition: Dac-Nhuong Le & Abhishek Kumar Pandey & Sairam Tadepalli & Pramod Singh Rathore & Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
     
316. Pediatric Primary Care: Practice Guidelines for Nurses, 4th Edition: Beth Richardson
     
317. Positive Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin's Guide to Living a Richer Life: Glenn Geher & Nicole Wedberg
     
318. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition: Curtis D. Klaassen
     
319. Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective, 3rd Edition: Peter R. E. Crocker
     
320. Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, 8th Edition: Shelia Videbeck
     
321. Accounting Principles, 13th Edition: Jerry J. Weygandt & Paul D. Kimmel & Donald E. Kieso
     
322. Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends, & Management, 7th Edition: Barbara Cherry & Susan R. Jacob
     
323. Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance, 7th Edition: Jean Williams & Vikki Krane
     
324. University Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 4th Edition: Joel Haas & Christopher Heil & Przemyslaw Bogacki & Maurice D. Weir & George B. Thomas
     
325. Criminal Investigation, 11th Edition: Charles R. Swanson & Neil C. Chamelin & Leonard Territo & Robert W. Taylor
     
326. Handbook of Embodied Cognition and Sport Psychology: Massimiliano L. Cappuccio & Richard S. W. Masters & David Papineau
     
327. Sport and Exercise Psychology Research: From Theory to Practice, 1st Edition: Markus Raab & Paul Wylleman & Roland Seiler & Anne-Marie Elbe & Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
     
328. Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology, 28th Edition: Stefan Riedel & Stephen A. Morse & Timothy A. Mietzner & Steve Miller
     
329. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Neurology, 3rd Edition: John Brust
     
330. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review, 11th Edition: Anthony J. Trevor & Bertram G. Katzung & Marieke Knuidering-Hall
     
331. Encyclopedia of Nursing Education, 1st Edition: Mary Jane Smith & Joyce J. Fitzpatrick & Roger D. Carpenter
     
332. Essentials of Stem Cell Biology, 3rd Edition: Robert Lanza & Anthony Atala
     
333. Advanced Practice in Endocrinology Nursing, 1st Edition: Sofia Llahana & Cecilia Follin & Christine Yedinak & Ashley Grossman
     
334. Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, 12th Edition: James G. Cappuccino & Chad T. Welsh
     
335. Gastrointestinal Nursing: A Lifespan Approach, 1st Edition: Paul Ong & Rachel Skittrall
     
336. Intimate Relationships in Cinema, Literature and Visual Culture, 1st Edition: Gilad Padva & Nurit Buchweitz
     
337. Nursing Health Assessment: A Best Practice Approach, 2nd Edition: Sharon Jensen
     
338. Chemistry, 5th Edition: Julia Burdge
     
339. International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers, 8th Edition: ITLS
     
340. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 9th Edition: Kang-tsung Chang
     
341. Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 4th Edition: Mary Jane Smith & Patricia R. Liehr
     
342. International Financial Reporting: A Practical Guide, 6th Edition: Alan Melville
     
343. SCHWARTZ'S PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY 2-volume set, 11th edition: F. Charles Brunicardi & Dana K. Andersen & Timothy R. Billiar & David L. Dunn
     
344. Customer Engagement Marketing, 1st Edition: Robert W. Palmatier & V. Kumar & Colleen M. Harmeling
     
345. Foundations of Marketing, 8th Edition: William M. Pride & O. C. Ferrell
     
346. Database System Concepts, 6th Edition: Abraham Silberschatz & Henry Korth & S. Sudarshan
     
347. Operations Strategy, 5th Edition: Nigel Slack & Mike Lewis
     
348. Fluid Mechanics, 8th Edition: Frank White
     
349. The Principles of Learning and Behavior, 7th Edition: Michael P. Domjan
     
350. Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior, 2nd Edition: Mark A. Gluck & Eduardo Mercado & Catherine E. Myers
     

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1. Business Analysis and Valuation: Using Financial Statements, Text and Cases, 5th Edition: Krishna G. Palepu & Paul M. Healy
   
2. 5 Steps to a 5: 500 AP Calculus AB/BC Questions to Know by Test Day, 3rd Edition: Anaxos
   
3. Mechanics of Materials, 5th Edition, Solution Manual: Dean Updike
   
4. Human Resource Management, 9th Edition: Raymond J. Stone
   
5. A Brief Introduction to Criminal Law, 2nd Edition: Philip Carlan & Lisa S. Nored & Ragan A. Downey
   
6. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 7th Edition: Ruth Winter
   
7. A Guide To Evidence-Based Group Work, 1st Edition: Mark J. Macgowan
   
8. A Short Guide to Writing about Literature, 12th Edition: Sylvan Barnet & William E. Cain
   
9. Accounting for Managers: Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision Making, 5th Edition: Paul M. Collier
   
10. Accounting Information Systems, 2nd Edition: Vernon Richardson
    
11. Adobe After Effects Classroom in a Book (2020 release), 1st Edition: Lisa Fridsma & Brie Gyncild
    
12. Advertising and Promotion, 4th Edition: Chris Hackley & Rungpaka Amy Hackley
    
13. American Government: Enduring Principles and Critical Choices, 4th Edition: Marc Landy
    
14. American Government: Stories of a Nation: For the AP® Course, 1st Edition: Scott Abernathy & Karen Waples
    
15. American Pageant, Volume 2, 16th Edition: David M. Kennedy & Lizabeth Cohen
    
16. 21st Century Astronomy: Stars and Galaxies, 6th Edition: Laura Kay & Stacy Palen & George Blumenthal
    
17. An Introduction to Franchising, 2012th Edition: Robert Webber
    
18. Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, 2nd Edition: Anne M Gilroy
    
19. Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil Essentials of Medicine, 9th Edition: Ivor Benjamin & Robert C. Griggs & J. Gregory Fitz & Edward J Wing
    
20. AP U.S. Government & Politics Prep Plus 2019-2020: Kaplan Test Prep
    
21. Applied Social Psychology: A Global Perspective: V.K. Kool & Rita Agrawal
    
22. Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Applications, 13th Edition: Mark L. Berenson & David M. Levine & Kathryn A. Szabat
    
23. Basic Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th Edition: E Brian Smith
    
24. Basic Weight Training for Men and Women, 8th Edition: Thomas Fahey
    
25. Beginning Visual Basic 2015, 1st Edition: Bryan Newsome
    
26. Biochemistry: A Short Course, 4th Edition: John L. Tymoczko & Jeremy M. Berg & Gregory J. Gatto & Lubert Stryer
    
27. Biology Laboratory Manual, 11th Edition: Darrell Vodopich & Randy Moore
    
28. Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach, 4th Edition: Stuart Reges & Marty Stepp
    
29. Business Ratios and Formulas: A Comprehensive Guide, 3rd Edition: Steven M. Bragg
    
30. Campbell Biology, 9th Edition: Jane B. Reece & Lisa A. Urry & Michael L. Cain & Steven A. Wasserman & Peter V. Minorsky & Robert B. Jackson
    
31. CAPM® in Depth: Certified Associate in Project Management Study Guide for the CAPM® Exam, 2nd Edition: Paul Sanghera
    
32. CFA Program Curriculum 2020 Level I Volumes 1-6 Box Set (CFA Curriculum 2020), 1st Edition: CFA Institute
    
33. Challenging the Prevailing Paradigm of Displacement and Resettlement: Risks, Impoverishment, Legacies, Solutions, 1st Edition: Michael M. Cernea & Julie K. Maldonado
    
34. Chemistry:The central science: Theodore Brown
    
35. Cengage Advantage Books: Child Development: A Thematic Approach, 6th Edition: Danuta Bukatko & Marvin W. Daehler
    
36. Children, Adolescents, and the Media, 3rd Edition: Victor C. Strasburger & Barbara J. Wilson & Amy B. Jordan
    
37. Choices & Connections: An Introduction to Communication, 2nd Edition: Steven McCornack & Joseph Ortiz
    
38. Ciottone's Disaster Medicine, 2nd Edition: Gregory R. Ciottone & Paul D Biddinger & Robert G. Darling
    
39. Clayton's Basic Pharmacology for Nurses, 18th Edition: Michelle Willihnganz & Samuel L Gurevitz & Bruce D. Clayton
    
40. Client Education: Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition: Mary A. Miller & Pamella Rae Stoeckel
    
41. Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner, 1st Edition: Leslie Neal-Boylan
    
42. Clinical Immunology and Serology: A Laboratory Perspective, 4th Edition: Christine Dorresteyn Stevens & Linda E Miller
    
43. Clinician's Thesaurus: The Guide to Conducting Interviews and Writing Psychological Reports, 8th Edition: Edward L. Zuckerman
    
44. Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond, 2nd Edition: Judith S. Beck & Aaron T. Beck
    
45. Comparative Approaches to Program Planning, 1st Edition: Ellen F. Netting
    
46. Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories, Methods, and Cases, 3rd Edition: J. Tyler Dickovick & Jonathan Eastwood
    
47. Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving: A Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma, 1st Edition: Pete Walker
    
48. Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 4th Edition: William Stallings & Lawrie Brown
    
49. Contemporary Issues in Higher Education Law, 3rd Edition: Scott R. Bauries & Joseph C. Beckham & Joy Blanchard & Janet S. Bubert
    
50. Corporate Finance: The Core, 5th Edition: Jonathan Berk & Peter DeMarzo
    
51. Cosmetic Dermatology: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition: Leslie Baumann
    
52. Cracking the AP English Language & Composition Exam 2020, Premium Edition: 5 Practice Tests + Complete Content Review + Proven Prep for the NEW 2020 Exam: The Princeton Review
    
53. Cracking the AP Environmental Science Exam, 2020 Edition: Practice Tests & Prep for the NEW 2020 Exam: The Princeton Review
    
54. Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam 2020, Premium Edition: 5 Practice Tests + Complete Content Review + Proven Prep for the NEW 2020 Exam: The Princeton Review
    
55. Cracking the SAT Subject Test in Literature, 16th Edition: Everything You Need to Help Score a Perfect 800, 16th Edition: The Princeton Review
    
56. Cracking the SAT Subject Test in Math 1: Everything You Need to Help Score a Perfect 800, 2nd Edition: The Princeton Review
    
57. Cracking the SAT Subject Test in Math 2: Everything You Need to Help Score a Perfect 800, 2nd Edition: The Princeton Review
    
58. Cracking the SAT Subject Test in U.S. History: Everything You Need to Help Score a Perfect 800, 2nd Edition: The Princeton Review
    
59. Crafting and Executing Strategy: Concepts, 22nd Edition: Arthur Thompson & Margaret Peteraf & John Gamble & A. Strickland
    
60. Inclusive Physical Activity, 2nd Edition: Susan Kasser & Rebecca Lytle
    
61. Cengage Advantage Books: The Pocket Wadsworth Handbook, 6th Edition: Laurie G. Kirszner & Stephen R. Mandell
    
62. Business Associations And The New Political Economy Of Thailand: From Bureaucratic Polity To Liberal Corporatism: Anek Laothamatas
    
63. Creating Future People: The Ethics of Genetic Enhancement, 1st Edition: Jonathan Anomaly
    
64. Creative Alcohol Inks:A Step-by-Step Guide to Achieving Amazing Effects: Explore Painting, Pouring, Blending, Textures, and More!: Ashley Mahlberg
    
65. Critical Infrastructure: Understanding Its Component Parts, Vulnerabilities, Operating Risks, and Interdependencies, 1st Edition: Tyson Macaulay
    
66. Current Psychotherapies, 11th Edition: Danny Wedding & Raymond J. Corsini
    
67. Cyber-Physical Attack Recovery Procedures: A Step-by-Step Preparation and Response Guide, 1st Edition: Luis Ayala
    
68. Cyber-Physical Attacks: A Growing Invisible Threat, 1st Edition: George Loukas
    
69. Discovering Leadership: Designing Your Success, 1st Edition: Anthony E. Middlebrooks & Scott J. Allen & Mindy S. McNutt & James L. Morrison
    
70. Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective, 2nd Edition: M. Honoré France & Maria del Carmen Rodriguez & Geoffrey G. Hett
    
71. Drain’s PeriAnesthesia Nursing: A Critical Care Approach, 7th Edition: Jan Odom-Forren
    
72. Effective Curriculum for Teaching L2 Writing: Principles and Techniques, 1st Edition: Eli Hinkel
    
73. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition: Allen J. Bard & Larry R. Faulkner
    
74. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering, 1st Edition: Robert G. Kelly & John R. Scully & David Shoesmith & Rudolph G. Buchheit
    
75. Energy and the Environment, 3rd Edition: Robert Ristinen
    
76. Entre Amis (World Languages), 6th Edition: Michael Oates & Larbi Oukada
    
77. Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, 4th Canadian Edition: Jeffrey Nevid
    
78. Essentials of Health Behavior, 3rd Edition: Mark Edberg
    
79. Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6th Edition: John Santrock
    
80. Essentials of WISC-V Assessment, 1st Edition: Dawn P. Flanagan & Vincent C. Alfonso
    
81. Exploring American Histories, Volume 2: A Survey with Sources, 3rd Edition: Nancy A. Hewitt & Lawson F. Steven
    
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147. Physical Activity & Health, 5th Edition: Jerome E. Kotecki
     
148. Physician Practice Management: Essential Operational and Financial Knowledge, 2nd Edition: Lawrence F. Wolper
     
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157. Psychology in Everyday Life, 5th Edition: David G. Myers & C. Nathan DeWall
     
158. Psychology, 2nd Canadian Edition: Saundra K. Ciccarelli & J. Noland White & V. Heather Fritzley & Tom Harrigan
     
159. Quantitative Methods for Second Language Research: A Problem-Solving Approach, 1st Edition: Carsten Roever & Aek Phakiti
     
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177. Strategic Project Management Made Simple: Practical Tools for Leaders and Teams, 1st Edition: Terry Schmidt
     
178. Strategies & Tactics for the MBE (Bar Review), 7th Edition: Steven Emanuel
     
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180. Teaching and Researching Writing (Applied Linguistics in Action), 3rd Edition: Ken Hyland
     
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182. The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776–2018, 8th Edition: Sidney M. Milkis & Michael Nelson
     
183. The Atlas of Water: Mapping the World's Most Critical Resource, 3rd Edition: Maggie Black
     
184. The Basic Principles of Effective Consulting, 2nd Edition: Linda K. Stroh
     
185. The Blair Reader: Exploring Issues and Ideas, MLA Update, 9th Edition: Laurie G. Kirszner & Stephen R. Mandell
     
186. The Book on Estimating Rehab Costs, 2nd Edition: J Scott
     
187. The Chile Reader: History, Culture, Politics: Elizabeth Quay Hutchison & Thomas Miller Klubock & Nara B. Milanich & Peter Winn
     
188. The Coaching Manager: Developing Top Talent in Business, 3rd Edition: James M. Hunt & Joseph R. Weintraub
     
189. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, and Writing, 12th Edition: Michael Meyer & D. Quentin Miller
     
190. Clinical Guide to Musculoskeletal Palpation: A Clinical Guide, 1st Edition: Michael Masaracchio & Chana Frommer
     
191. Essentials of Environmental Health (Essential Public Health), 3rd Edition: Robert H. Friis
     
192. The Elements of Investing: Easy Lessons for Every Investor: Burton G. Malkiel & Charles D. Ellis
     
193. The Essential World History, Volume I: To 1800, 9th Edition: William J. Duiker & Jackson J. Spielvogel
     
194. Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 4th Edition: Linda Null & Julia Lobur
     
195. The Esthetician's Guide to Outstanding Esthetics: Proven Techniques From Today's Industry Icons: Beth Kenerson & Ali Shambayati & Becky Keuhn
     
196. The Ethical Executive: Becoming Aware of the Root Causes of Unethical Behavior: 45 Psychological Traps that Every One of Us Falls Prey To, 1st Edition: Robert Hoyk & Paul Hersey
     
197. The European Reformations, 2nd Edition: Carter Lindberg
     
198. The Labor Relations Process, 11th Edition: William H. Holley & William H. Ross & Roger S. Wolters
     
199. The Official SAT Study Guide, 2018 Edition (Official Study Guide for the New Sat) Study Guide Edition: The College Board
     
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208. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior, 6th Edition: Jennifer M. George & Gareth R. Jones
     
209. Understanding Motivation and Emotion, 6th Edition: Johnmarshall Reeve
     
210. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition: Warren McCabe & Julian Smith & Peter Harriott
     
211. Women and Sport: Continuing a Journey of Liberation and Celebration, 1st Edition: Ellen J. Staurowsky & Ellen J Staurowsky
     
212. Workbook for Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 11th Edition: Stewart C. Bushong
     
213. World Regional Geography: A Development Approach, 11th Edition: Douglas L. Johnson & Viola Haarmann & Merrill L. Johnson
     
214. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume 1, 5th Edition: Robert Tignor & Jeremy Adelman & Peter Brown & Benjamin Elman
     
215. Writing About Movies, 5th Edition: Karen Gocsik & Dave Monahan
     
216. Your Statistical Consultant: Answers to Your Data Analysis Questions, 2nd Edition: Newton Rae R. & Kjell Erik Rudestam
     
217. Youth, Crime, and Justice: Learning through Cases: Erika Gebo & Carolyn Boyes-Watson
     
218. Understanding Operating Systems, 7th Edition: Ann McHoes & Ida M. Flynn
     
219. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition: Bertram Katzung
     
220. Ethics for the Information Age, 8th Edition: Michael J. Quinn
     
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231. The New Meaning of Educational Change, 4th Edition: Michael Fullan
     
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235. Principles of Corporate Finance, 10th Edition: Richard A. Brealey & Stewart C. Myers & Franklin Allen
     
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238. Concepts and Cases in Nursing Ethics, 3rd Edition: Michael Yeo & Anne Moorhouse & Pamela Kahn & Patricia Rodney
     
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240. Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement: Improving Performance in Sport and Exercise, 3rd Edition: Duane V. Knudson
     
241. Public Management: Thinking and Acting in Three Dimensions, 2nd Edition: Carolyn J. Hill & Laurence E. Lynn
     
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249. Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology, 5th Edition: John M. Nicholas & Herman Steyn
     
250. Philosophy: The Power Of Ideas, 10th Edition: Brooke Noel Moore & Kenneth Bruder
     
251. Re-imagining Policing in Canada (Heritage), 1st Edition: Dennis Cooley
     
252. Financial Management: Theory & Practice, 16th Edition: Eugene F. Brigham & Michael C. Ehrhardt
     
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255. Creating Meaning Through Literature and the Arts: Arts Integration for Classroom Teachers, 5th Edition: Claudia E. Cornett
     
256. Mathematics for Elementary Teachers with Activities, 5th Edition: Sybilla Beckmann
     
257. Wiley Pathways Personal Finance: Managing Your Money and Building Wealth, 1st Edition: Vickie L. Bajtelsmit & Linda G. Rastelli
     
258. Health Care Information Systems: A Practical Approach for Health Care Management, 4th Edition: Karen A. Wager & Frances W. Lee & John P. Glaser
     
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260. Profit Without Honor: White Collar Crime and the Looting of America, 7th Edition: Stephen Rosoff & Henry Pontell & Robert Tillman
     
261. Uncertainty Management for Robust Industrial Design in Aeronautics, 1st Edition: Charles Hirsch & Dirk Wunsch & Jacek Szumbarski
     
262. Statistics: Informed Decisions Using Data, 5th Edition: Michael Sullivan III
     
263. Exploring Research, 8th Edition: Neil J. Salkind
     
264. Profit Without Honor: White Collar Crime and the Looting of America, 6th Edition: Stephen M. Rosoff & Henry N. Pontell & Robert Tillman
     
265. Principles of Economics 2e, 1st Edition: Timothy Taylor & Steven A. Greenlaw & David Shapiro
     
266. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 3rd Edition: M. Anne Katzenberg & Anne L. Grauer
     
267. AutoCAD 2018 3D Drawing & Modeling - Mixed Units: Autodesk Authorized Publisher, 1st Edition: Ascent - Center for Technical Knowledge
     
268. The West in the World, 5th Edition: Dennis Sherman & Joyce Salisbury
     
269. Hospice and Palliative Care for Companion Animals: Principles and Practice, 1st Edition: Amir Shanan & Tamara Shearer & Jessica Pierce
     
270. Fluid Mechanics of Planets and Stars, 1st Edition: Michael Le Bars & Daniel Lecoanet
     
271. Fundamentals of Financial Accounting, 5th Edition: Fred Phillips & Robert Libby & Patricia Libby
     
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275. Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 8th edition: Michael Baye & Jeff Prince
     
276. A Handbook to the Reception of Ovid, 1st Edition: John F. Miller & Carole E. Newlands
     
277. Life-Span Development, 17th Edition: John Santrock
     
278. Transport Processes at Fluidic Interfaces, 1st Edition: Dieter Bothe & Arnold Reusken
     
279. Modern Advanced Accounting in Canada, 8th Edition: Murray Hilton & Darrell Herauf
     
280. Essentials of Physical Anthropology, 3rd Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
281. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health, 9th Edition: Linda Brannon & Jess Feist & John A. Updegraff
     
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283. Advanced Techniques and Technology of Computer-Aided Feedback Control, 1st Edition: Jean Mbihi
     
284. Phase Transformations (Chemical Engineering: Chemical Thermodynamics), 1st Edition: Michel Soustelle
     
285. Thermodynamics, 1st Edition: Jean-Paul Duroudier
     
286. Design of Prestressed Concrete to Eurocode 2, 2nd Edition: Raymond Ian Gilbert & Neil Colin Mickleborough & Gianluca Ranzi
     
287. Prestressed Concrete Designer's Handbook, 3rd Edition: P.W. Abeles & B K Bardhan-Roy
     
288. Prestressed Concrete Design to Eurocodes, 1st Edition: Prab Bhatt
     
289. Social-Emotional Prevention Programs for Preschool Children's Behavior Problems: A Multi-level Efficacy Assessment of Classroom, Risk Group, and Individual Level:de Catrinel Alice Ştefan
     
290. Cultural Anthropology, 9th Edition: Raymond R Scupin
     
291. Theories of Personality, 9th Edition: Jess Feist & Gregory Feist & Tomi-Ann Roberts
     
292. Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition: David P. Clark & Nanette J. Pazdernik
     
293. Microeconomics, 11th Edition: David Colander
     
294. MATLAB: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem Solving, 5th Edition: Stormy Attaway
     
295. Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology, 4th Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
296. University Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 3rd Edition: Joel R. Hass & Maurice D. Weir & George B. Thomas
     
297. Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 6th Edition: Brian Hahn & Daniel Valentine
     
298. Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 7th Edition: Brian Hahn & Daniel Valentine
     
299. The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions of Race, Sex and Gender, Social Class, Sexual Orientation, and Disability, 7th Edition: Karen Rosenblum
     
300. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 4th Edition: Craig Stanford & John S. Allen & Susan C. Antón
     
301. Essentials of Biological Anthropology, 4th Edition: Clark Spencer Larsen
     
302. Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11th Global Edition: Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
     
303. Mirror for Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 11th Edition: Conrad Kottak
     
304. Cultural Intimacy (Routledge Classic Texts in Anthropology), 3rd Edition: Michael Herzfeld
     
305. Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice, 4th Edition: Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk & Ellen Fineout-Overholt
     
306. A Textbook of Community Nursing, 1st Edition: Sue Chilton & Karen Melling & Ann Clarridge & Heather Bain
     
307. Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th Edition: Stanley I. Sandler
     
308. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 9th Edition: Michael J. Moran & Howard N. Shapiro & Daisie D. Boettner & Margaret B. Bailey
     
309. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th Edition: J.M. Smith
     
310. Feedback Control Theory for Dynamic Traffic Assignment, 2nd Edition: Pushkin Kachroo & Kaan M.A. Özbay
     
311. Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning and Behavior Problems, 9th Edition: Sharon R. Vaughn & Candace S. Bos
     
312. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study, 10th Edition: Paula S. Rothenberg
     
313. Planar Multibody Dynamics: Formulation, Programming with MATLAB®, and Applications, 2nd Edition: Parviz E. Nikravesh
     
314. Oxford American Handbook of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2nd Edition: Sriram Yennurajalingam & Eduardo Bruera
     
315. Network Modeling, Simulation and Analysis in MATLAB: Theory and Practices, 1st Edition: Dac-Nhuong Le & Abhishek Kumar Pandey & Sairam Tadepalli & Pramod Singh Rathore & Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
     
316. Pediatric Primary Care: Practice Guidelines for Nurses, 4th Edition: Beth Richardson
     
317. Positive Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin's Guide to Living a Richer Life: Glenn Geher & Nicole Wedberg
     
318. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition: Curtis D. Klaassen
     
319. Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Canadian Perspective, 3rd Edition: Peter R. E. Crocker
     
320. Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, 8th Edition: Shelia Videbeck
     
321. Accounting Principles, 13th Edition: Jerry J. Weygandt & Paul D. Kimmel & Donald E. Kieso
     
322. Contemporary Nursing: Issues, Trends, & Management, 7th Edition: Barbara Cherry & Susan R. Jacob
     
323. Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance, 7th Edition: Jean Williams & Vikki Krane
     
324. University Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 4th Edition: Joel Haas & Christopher Heil & Przemyslaw Bogacki & Maurice D. Weir & George B. Thomas
     
325. Criminal Investigation, 11th Edition: Charles R. Swanson & Neil C. Chamelin & Leonard Territo & Robert W. Taylor
     
326. Handbook of Embodied Cognition and Sport Psychology: Massimiliano L. Cappuccio & Richard S. W. Masters & David Papineau
     
327. Sport and Exercise Psychology Research: From Theory to Practice, 1st Edition: Markus Raab & Paul Wylleman & Roland Seiler & Anne-Marie Elbe & Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
     
328. Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology, 28th Edition: Stefan Riedel & Stephen A. Morse & Timothy A. Mietzner & Steve Miller
     
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330. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review, 11th Edition: Anthony J. Trevor & Bertram G. Katzung & Marieke Knuidering-Hall
     
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335. Gastrointestinal Nursing: A Lifespan Approach, 1st Edition: Paul Ong & Rachel Skittrall
     
336. Intimate Relationships in Cinema, Literature and Visual Culture, 1st Edition: Gilad Padva & Nurit Buchweitz
     
337. Nursing Health Assessment: A Best Practice Approach, 2nd Edition: Sharon Jensen
     
338. Chemistry, 5th Edition: Julia Burdge
     
339. International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers, 8th Edition: ITLS
     
340. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 9th Edition: Kang-tsung Chang
     
341. Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 4th Edition: Mary Jane Smith & Patricia R. Liehr
     
342. International Financial Reporting: A Practical Guide, 6th Edition: Alan Melville
     
343. SCHWARTZ'S PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY 2-volume set, 11th edition: F. Charles Brunicardi & Dana K. Andersen & Timothy R. Billiar & David L. Dunn
     
344. Customer Engagement Marketing, 1st Edition: Robert W. Palmatier & V. Kumar & Colleen M. Harmeling
     
345. Foundations of Marketing, 8th Edition: William M. Pride & O. C. Ferrell
     
346. Database System Concepts, 6th Edition: Abraham Silberschatz & Henry Korth & S. Sudarshan
     
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348. Fluid Mechanics, 8th Edition: Frank White
     
349. The Principles of Learning and Behavior, 7th Edition: Michael P. Domjan
     
350. Learning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior, 2nd Edition: Mark A. Gluck & Eduardo Mercado & Catherine E. Myers
     

Going through old issues of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter and posting highlights in my own words, continuing in the footsteps of daprice82. For anyone interested, I highly recommend signing up for the actual site at f4wonline and checking out the full archives.
FUTURE YEARS ARCHIVE:
The Complete Observer Rewind Archive by daprice82

1-5-1987	1-12-1987	1-18-1987	2-2-1987
2-9-1987	2-16-1987	2-23-1987	3-2-1987
3-9-1987	3-16-1987	3-23-1987	4-6-1987
4-13-1987	4-20-1987	4-27-1987	5-4-1987
5-11-1987	5-18-1987	5-25-1987	6-1-1987
6-8-1987	6-15-1987	6-22-1987	6-29-1987
7-6-1987	7-13-1987	7-20-1987	7-27-1987
8-3-1987	8-10-1987	8-17-1987	8-24-1987
8-31-1987	9-7-1987	9-14-1987	9-21-1987
9-28-1987	10-5-1987	10-12-1987	10-19-1987
10-26-1987	11-2-1987	11-9-1987	11-16-1987
11-23-1987	11-30-1987	12-7-1987	-

• Dave’s been following wrestling for 17 years at this point, and sometimes it’s easy to think you’ve seen it all with that kind of experience. But after seeing All Japan Women live, he realized he’d seen nothing. The shows he saw during his trip to Japan had the best wrestling he’s ever seen, so much so that nothing before comes even close. The atmosphere and the action have Dave struggling to find words, and he’s just as dumbfounded by how good Chigusa Nagayo and Dump Matsumoto are at their jobs. 90% of AJW's audience is teenage girls, a demographic you don’t really see as a focal demographic over here, but to these girls the wrestlers are so over an American fan has to see it live to really get it. Dump’s the best heel in the world by a distance and as for Chigusa Nagayo: “the reaction she gets not only can’t be duplicated by any wrestler in this country (Hulk Hogan certainly comes the closest and at best his isn’t half as good) but you’d probably have to use Madonna or Bruce Springsteen at their peak for comparison. The crowd literally lives and dies with every move she makes.” At one show, the crowd were all crying, and then the main event of the 3-hour show was a fast-paced 50 minute match where every move was a high spot and the crowd never let up for the whole match.
  
• Dave’s therefore changing his vote for Wrestler of the Year to Chigusa Nagayo. He’ll still vote for Hogan for best babyface, since Hogan has broader appeal and is a bigger draw, but Chigusa's sheer level of overness with AJW fans and her skill are huge. Strictly in terms of business and drawing power Hogan should win Wrestler of the Year, and should have won 1985-1986 as well (Ric Flair won those years in landslides). Dave personally figures ring-work for 60% of the equation, with impact at the box office to be 40%. Dave will not be putting Flair in his top three for Wrestler of the Year, even though his promos and ring-work merit it. Allowing his drawing power to be cut so hard and the destruction of his perception among the marks when he has the ability to call the shots about his presentation means he doesn’t deserve to be considered for Wrestler of the year at all this year (Riki Choshu winds up winning for 1987, breaking Ric Flair's 5 year streak).
  
• A lot has changed during the week Dave was in Japan. Fritz Von Erich sold WCCW. Ken Mantell and a group with him have bought the company, and there are conflicting stories about the exact breakdown of the ownership (Dave keeps hearing either 30% or 51% of the stake is owned by Mantell), but Texas newspapers are reporting Fritz is out entirely and Mantell now signs the checks. Kevin and Kerry still own a lot of the company, so they’ll still get big pushes. Mantell still owns Wild West Wrestling, and the plan for now seems to be to run both promotions. That’s not going to be good for them in the long run, since they’re competing in the same area of Texas. Expect a merger when they figure that out. A lot of guys are returning to World Class now that Mantell’s in charge, like Missing Link, Bill Irwin, Terry Gordy, and Buddy Roberts. Looks like Fritz finally wanted out of the business, because everything suggests he contacted Mantell. Mantell was the booker for World Class during their heyday in 1983-84, so there’s obviously the hope he can rescue things, but his time in UWF in 86-87 saw him repeat the World Class booking from in UWF and it didn’t work and killed business enough that Bill Watts had to sell to Crockett. If he tries to relive 1983 in 1988, it’s not going to work. If he can build new stars and remove the focus on the Von Erichs, there’s a chance of World Class becoming a major power again.
  
• The February 1988 issue of Penthouse will do a story on the Von Erichs. Dave doesn’t know what’ll be in the story, but Fritz is apparently worried about it and how it will portray him.
  
• Kazuharu Sonoda, who teamed with Great Kabuki in World Class and would sometimes play the Great Kabuki character when the real Great Kabuki was double booked, died in an airplane crash on November 29. He was 31 years old and had been in the business since just after he turned 18. The airplane had a fire in the cargo hold that caused it to break up in mid air and killed all 159 on board. Sonoda’s trip to South Africa was to be a working honeymoon as a gift from the Great Kabuki - Kabuki was sending him in his stead to do a tour under the Great Kabuki name and gimmick and enjoy a vacation at the same time. Raja Lion, the 7’2” supposed martial arts champion working for Baba, was also supposed to be on the same plane, but canceled at the last minute and avoided disaster himself.
  
• No numbers yet for Starrcade and Survivor Series. Starrcade did sell out in Chicago and drew well on closed-circuit on the East coast, but the Crocketts seem disappointed by the final gate. Dave speculates slightly more than $1 million for the final gate. While he was in Japan, Dave heard Survivor Series did $4 million, which sounds reasonable but he can’t vouch for the accuracy of it. What Dave can say is that Survivor Series was definitely a financial success in addition to being good. In terms of impressions of the shows, Dave’s heard from hundreds about Starrcade and the reaction has been mixed. Many thought it was great. There was near universal dissatisfaction with the UWF Title match. And the TV title unification was largely unpopular, which Dave blames on the build up ruining the match. Dave has heard that the UWF Title match was different from what it was supposed to be, which restores a little of Dave’s faith in Dusty as a booker. The majority was disappointed, and about 20-25% of responses said the show was terrible. Dave falls in the disappointment camp. If it hadn’t been Starrcade, it would have been fine. But Crockett needed a great Starrcade, or at the very least to outperform WWF’s show in quality, and that did not happen.
  
• Business is still not good coming out of Thanksgiving. Ted DiBiase and Hogan’s matches just aren’t drawing as much as they should. The Bunkhouse Stampedes have so far been disappointments at the gate, enough that Crockett needs to reevaluate their entire model or they’ll cease to be a major promotion entirely. The November 28 Saturday Night’s Main Event is the best life sign in these times: an 11.3 rating and a 30 share are what Dave has heard (not official), which would be the second highest rating the show has ever gotten and third highest rating for that time slot in tv history. TV ratings are the biggest indicator of public interest right now, so even if live crowds are down, this shows that WWF is still very interesting. They’re just not turning that into a rabid desire to be at the show. Crockett’s ratings are dropping, though, and they need to get fans watching tv again before they can worry about getting live attendance back up. In syndicated ratings, WWF gained viewers leading toward Survivor Series, while Crockett remains out of the top 15 and has a below 5.0 combined rating, putting them behind the AWA and Pro Wrestling This Week, which combined have a rating in the low 5s.
  
• Dusty is throwing everything he can at the booking to break out of the fall, and that includes turning Lex Luger. Luger turned on December 2 at a Miami Beach Bunkhouse Stampede. The match came down to Luger, Arn, Tully, and J.J. Dillon. Dillon asked the others to let him win so he could go down in the record books as a stampede winner, and Arn and Tully eliminated themselves. Luger then threw Dillon over the top to win. Turning Lex is a good move, but Dave figures it’s the second best move they could have done and that’s the difference between Crockett and WWF - WWF generally goes with the best thing they can do, not the second best. Another year as a heel might have been good for Luger and helped him shore up his skillset, but Crockett is in desperation mode and needed to make a major move. And Luger has the potential to be a great face, and could make a lot of money for Crockett with Flair if they handle things right. But if nobody’s watching tv, it won’t matter how hot he gets as a face. Other major things happening to try and get things righted: Kevin Sullivan’s group with Rick Steiner, Mike Rotunda, and Steve Williams is one; another major turn is coming soon; lots of new angles that aren’t being spelled out yet. They’re going to change up their tv as well, but if the shows all remain basically duplicates that might keep ratings down and make them worse. And the plan is currently for every hour they tape to go to two different shows, with a different commentary team depending on which show. Nikita might do an interview with Gregory for the Florida show and then immediately do a simiar interview with JR for UWF. Dave thinks basically duplicating tv shows with only interviewer and announce team differences is going to tank ratings when fans figure it out. On the pus side, the shows have improved.
  
• Paul Boesch has come out of retirement and is trying to rebuild the Houston market with Crockett.
  
• New Japan and All Japan have concluded their tag tournaments. New Japan’s was in Osaka on December 7 in front of a crowd of 6,120 and shown live on tv. Fijunami & Kimura were tied for second with Masa Saito & Fujiwara and had to face them in a battle to determine who would face Inoki & Dick Murdoch in the final. The final was a bloody and excellent match, and Kimura bled a lot before he and Fujinami won. With Choshu and Maeda not involved, the tournament lacked interest.
  
• The biggest story of the New Japan tournament happened on November 19 during a match between Choshu/Masa Saito/Hiro Saito vs. Maeda/Takada/Kido. Japanese Wrestling Journal reports that Maeda wouldn’t sell for Choshu at all and Maeda shot on Choshu. Choshu eventually figured out what was happening, and at one point Choshu had Kido in the Scorpion Deathlock when Maeda kicked him in the eye legit. Choshu went after Maeda, and the rest of the teams had to break it up. Eventually the match ended with Choshu pinning Takada with a lariat, and nobody knows why Maeda did it. The crowd was mostly UWF Japan fans, and they cheered Maeda on the whole time because they wanted to see a shoot. This took both out of the tournament, and the Journal reports it destroyed the tournament and left Choshu with two broken bones under the eye.
  

Watch: Maeda shoot kicks Choshu's eye

• The match was taped, but it’s understood that it will never air on tv and has caused a major PR shitstorm for New Japan. How do you explain suspending someone for a kick to the face to the public when that happens in every match? You can’t do it without going into the distinction between shooting and working and toward no semblance of kayfabe at all. Maeda has only kept his job because New Japan decided to spin an angle out of it. He’ll be punished and knocked down a few pegs and do a lot of jobs to keep his job, no doubt there. Seiki Sakaguchi believes Maeda’s style is hard for fans to understand and may be why ratings are so low, so they’ll be phasing down on Maeda’s shoot style. Dave believes Choshu and Saito was supoosed to be the winning team.
  
• All Japan’s tournament final took place on December 11 before a crowd of 13,200. Jumbo Tsuruta and Yoshiaki Yatsu beat Brody and Snuka in the final, with Yatsu pinning Snuka after pulling a midair reversal of a dragon suplex.
  
• Dusty Rhodes is “thinking” about retiring. For a long time, it’s been said Dusty was going to retire after Starrcade 1988, so this may be legit. Then again, Dusty saw how over Terry Funk got when he announced his retirement, and Dusty never misses a trick.
  
• The winners of all the Bunkhouse Stampedes will participate in the big one on Januay 24 on ppv. Dave wishes them good luck on their first national ppv attempt, because they need it.
  
• JCP ends too many tv shows with main events in progress. Dave’s not opposed to the idea in theory, since leaving your audience wanting is proven to work. But with where they are, they need to satiate their fans’ want for a little while.
  
• Steve Williams hasn’t made his heel turn yet, but expect it before year’s end. Williams does introduce some problems, like contacting New Japan to add four weeks per year to his schedule, which now is up to 16 weeks. He’s been threatening to quit the NWA on and off for the past year but never goes through with it. So until something concrete happens, Dave’s not going to take it too serious. 16 weeks in Japan at the rate Williams gets paid is about $92,000, which isn’t bad for someone with 36 weeks of leisure time outside that.
  
• JCP is full of injuries now. Rick Steiner has a separated shoulder. Barry Windham’s collarbone is broken, and Ricky Morton’s got a bum back.
  
• The UWF Tag Belts have been forgotten. No idea what the status of the Sheepherders is, but they aren’t the champions anymore and the belts (along with the Florida tag belts) will simply no longer be referenced. Steve Keirn also quit the promotion, apparently to go to either Memphis or Global.
  
• [Stampede] Jason the Terrible turned face and things are heating up and they’re selling out more often than not right now. Jason beat Zodiak in a mask match and unmasked Orton, who then left the territory. The Badnews Allen attacked Jason and sprayed paint through his mask into his eyes, before unmasking him.
  

Watch: The end of "one heck of a ring-ding-dong-dandy"

• Stampede are kayfabing Hiroshi Hase’s return to Japan as forced retirement due to injuries inflicted by Jason.
  
• The Iran-Iraq war isn’t enough to stop pro wrestling in the Middle East. Foreign wrestlers are being kept out right now, though.
  
• Curt Hennig had to be hospitalized after AWA’s show on November 28. He was wrestling Wahoo McDaniel in an Indian Strap Match for the title when Adrian Adonis interfered and used a knife to cut the strap, but wound up cutting Curt’s finger. Somehow this wound up with Curt getting disqualified over the interference (I guess since Adonis was attempting to act on his behalf), and it was thought for a bit that he might lose some of the finger.
  
• AWA was supposed to do the tournament for their women’s title on November 28, but have delayed it. Instead, Madusa pinned Bambi in a shitty match and the tournament final is scheduled for December 27 in Vegas. Madusa vs. Candi Divine.
  
• Verne Gagne and Larry Hennig will not be wrestling on the Christmas show for AWA. It’ll be Greg vs. Curt with Verne handcuffed to Larry at ringside.
  
• WCCW’s Christmas card is shaping up. Al Perez vs. Kerry Von Erich for the world title will headline. No second guesses who wins there. The Six-man tag titles will return as well.
  
• The big question for WCCW is how they handle the return of Lance. He’s under contract with David Manning to work independents and eventually Manning’s promotion if he can get it off the ground, but in the meantime he was working for Wild West. No idea what Manning’s relationship with the new WCCW will be like, so who knows what Lance will wind up at.
  
• WCCW’s Thanksgiving show drew 6,000 at Reunion Arena in Dallas. It’s less than Dave had anticipated (ticket prices were way down - general admission was $5 for adults and $3 for kids). Kerry’s comeback match (he’d been back for several weeks, but don’t expect honesty from Von Erich promotion) was 57 seconds against Thing, then Brian Adias, and finally a non-title match against Perez. He won all three matches. Perez then lost another non-title Texas Death Match against Kevin.
  
• Memphis unified all their singles titles in a tournament on December 7. They had Lawler (Southern Champion), Jeff Jarrett (Mid American Champion), and Manny Fernndez (International Champion) in, and the goal was to get rid of all the titles and declare a Continental Wrestling Association Champion. They’re still recognizing Curt Hennig as World champion, so this isn’t a world title. Lawler beat Jarrett then beat Fernandez by DQ to win the tournament.
  
• The Rockers are the Southern tag champs in Memphis and have turned heel. Their reputation for being great workers is clashing with the reports of them in Memphis as basically doing almost nothing in Memphis. After seeing their work in Alabama, Dave thought they just had an ego and thought they were too good for the area. Folks in Memphis are blaming it on their wild partying. Fans weren’t going for them as faces anymore due to their cocky interviews and because they see the Rockers as ripoffs of the Fabulous Ones (a comparison Dave does not get in the slightest), so they needed to be turned.
  
• World Organization Wrestling in Florida are talking about running shows in direct competition with Memphis wrestling. One of the guys they’ve got is a muscular guy managed by Don Fargo by the name of Bob Holly.
  
• Former Kansas State footballer and wrestler Curtis Hughes (the future Mr. Hughes of WCW/WWF) has been refereeing in Alabama and is training to start wrestling.
  
• Shunji Takano (Ninja in Oregon) was on trial in mid November for allegedly hitting a fan with his nunchucks in Eugene, Oregon back in July. He was found guilty and fined $250. His jail sentence was suspended and he has been instead sentenced to community service.
  
• Dave doesn’t know what’s aired and what hasn’t, so here’s what he knows about the DiBiase/Hogan program. DiBiase offers Hogan “7 figures” for the World Title, and Hogan considers it and says he could help his family with the money, but he turns down the offer because he can’t let down the Hulkamaniacs. Then DiBiase makes an agreement with Heenan and Andre that if Andre wins the title, he’ll sell it to DiBiase and get the deal Hogan turned down. Dave thinks the idea of buying/selling the belt is stupid, but it’s less stupid with WWF since they don’t pretend to be a sport. This would be worse in NWA. Anyway, this should all be building toward Wrestlemania and Hogan’s scheduled to leave for a few months to film a movie after Wrestlemania, so rumors will fly that Andre will beat Hogan and sell out to DiBiase. It’d be the first time in WWF history the belt was around the waist of a great wrestler, at least.
  
• WWF taped the Saturday Night’s Main Event for January 2 in front of 11,000 fans. The attendance has to be a disappointment considering the hype. Hogan beat Bundy again, which led to Andre attacking and stealing the belt before beating up several other faces and even no-selling Duggan’s 2x4. Strike Force beat the Bolsheviks in two straight falls to keep the tag titles, Jake Roberts beat Sika (who’s back because Killer Khan disappeared and they needed a foreign guy, and whatever got Sika fired was apparently not major enough to make them forget about him), and Greg Valentine beat Koko B. Ware.
  
• A source at the last MSG show said the Jumping Bomb Angels got twice the reaction for their match as Savage did for his. Dave isn’t sure WWF will ever get a number 2 face over enough he can draw gates on his own. Aside from Rock/Austin falling in their lap and doing just that through sheer force of will, I think this is something they never did figure out.
  
• That’s the length of a regular issue, but this is a double and Dave is going to tell us about his trip to Japan for the next ten pages. It’s a fascinating place. Nobody knows who Joe Montana is, but everyone knows Abdullah the Butcher. Wrestling is big business in Japan, and they tend to set the trends that come to the U.S. several years later. Toys, action figures, records, even Hulkamania were a big deal in Japan well before anyone in the U.S. envisioned it. Vince McMahon gets a lot of credit as a genius in marketing pro wrestling, but he toured Japan several times before 1984 and recreated what they had there. Hogan as an American hero is just the American version of Inoki, with just as big an ego. The albums, t-shirts, action figures, and the rest are all extensions of what Japan had from the 70s on. Vince’s failed attempts to push women’s wrestling came as a result of seeing that they could do big business in Japan. The only thing Vince hasn’t copied from Japan is the work ethic of the wrestlers.
  
• While wrestlers in Japan are on tv commercials and talk shows all the time, that doesn’t make the industry stable. Dave’s first trip to Japan was in December 1984, and a lot has changed since then. All Japan was on top and clearly outclassed everything else, and while New Japan was suffering from its arrangement with WWF it still had a big audience on tv. The Crush Gals were the rock & wrestling idols of Japan for the teen set, and their posters were all over record stores and merch available everywhere. Dave didn’t go to an All Japan Women show in 1984 and regrets that deeply, but in every record or book store he went to, the Crush Gals’ popularity was inescapable.
  
• Compared to UWF and Crockett in 1987, it’s hard to look at Japan as in a bad way, but this year’s trip was different. In Tokyo there were ten stores that catered specifically to wrestling fans back in 1984, compared to five now. Only three weekly magazines are left standing and one monthly, and the monthly is strictly joshi. The Chigusa Nagayo and Riki Choshu calendars are around, but gone are the Crush Gals, Tiger Mask, Stan Hansen, and Choshu records and the posters of the joshi. The most they found was a new 45 by Fujiwara. The lack of the joshi posters is probably due to idol culture in Japan, where they can take a teen, turn her into a rock star, and spit her out in two years. Nearly every teen idol name Dave remembers from his trip three years ago has disappeared from the stores and replaced with new 17-year-olds. The fact that Chigusa Nagayo has managed to increase in popularity and maintain a hold in the mainstream now that she’s 23 has to do with, in Dave’s mind, her improvement of her wrestling to become the best there is in the entire business.
  
• If wrestling has declined over the past few years in Japan, that doesn't mean it’s not still the ultimate experience for a fan. The sheer volume of wrestling coverage is unfathomable to an American. The daily newspaper had a full page devoted to Starrcade and Survivor Series, while American newspapers ignored the results. The death of Kazuhau Sonoda was the lead story in several newspapers, and even though he was just a mid-card guy his death was covered more than American newspapers would cover the hypothetical of Hogan going down in a plane crash. Dave spends a lot of time going over the Japanese wrestling magazine landscape. He managed to work out a deal on getting a lot of magazines to bring back to America for people to be able to buy cheaper than by import subscription.
  
• Dave talks at length about the presentation of wrestling and the fan demographics in Japan. It’s much more sports-like in presentation, and lack the surreal characters, skits, promos, etc. that attract audiences in the U.S. Ticket prices are higher in Japan with the cheap seats as low as $16 (the bigger shows cost $75 for ringside). So the audience is wealthier and more white collar than in the U.S. In the major cities, the fans are almost entirely boys and men between the ages of 15-30. The audience grows older in smaller towns, accounting for the continuing popularity of guys like Baba and Inoki.
  
• He next explains the basics of men’s wrestling in Japan: what New Japan and All Japan are, who their big stars are, etc.. All Japan is more reliant on foreign stars and New Japan relies more heavily on feuds between Japanese wrestlers. He compares Inoki to Dusty, in that he’s popular and pushes himself high on the card, and hardcore fans don’t like him much but unlike Dusty he’s really considered a legend by everyon in Japan. That is one of four reasons people in Japan gave Dave for why New Japan has been suffering in the ratings. The other big reasons are that Japanese culture is still interested in seeing the Japanese prevail over the big, monstrous Americans and New Japan has almost none of those. There’s also a feeling that New Japan’s style is perhaps too esoteric and too heavy on submissions for the casual fan to catch on to. Lastly, they aren’t fans of people changing jobs and bouncing between promotions. Nobody minded when Choshu jumped to All Japan in 1984 because he said a lot of things about Inoki that fans took as true. Jumping back to Inoki purely because he wanted more money and thus breaching contract and making a whole legal thing of it has not been received well in Japan, though, and the jump is popularly felt to have almost killed wrestling in Japan.
  
• The five New Japan shows Dave went to while in Japan made good money at the gate, but the big issue is tv. TV-Asahi has lost interest due to bad ratings and have turned down the request to host the Crockett Cup in April, and New Japan’s tv is in danger of being moved to midnight Mondays or off the air entirely. Landing an afternoon slot on the weekend would be the best goal.
  
• The tv ratings issue is pushing Inoki to try some wild things, the most controversial of which is currently an angle involving a comedian named Mr. Takeshi. Takeshi was once the most famous comedian in the country and is analogous to a Don Rickles or Johnny Carson now, and he’s doing a Cyndi LaupeAndy Kaufman type of angle with Inoki, saying he’s putting together a group to beat Inoki, with a probable end point of a Tokyo Dome show in April. New Japan’s fanbase hate this angle. But New Japan needs to hope the fans stick around and they can get new eyes on the promotion and convert them to fans. It’s the same gamble Vince made with Cyndi Lauper and Mr. T, and it helped cement Hogan. Masa Saito is involved with Takeshi in the storyline and the first involvement of Takeshi will be at the December 27 show, with Takeshi being given the role of bringing over a massive guy named Leon White in as Saito’s partner against Fujinami and Kimura.
  
• All Japan is more stable than New Japan right now. Choshu leaving certainly hurt them, but they’ve recovered and are doing steady business now that Tenryu is hitting his stride as a heel. Bruiser Brody and Abdullah the Butcher returning has been a big boon. Tv ratings arent spectacular, but they’re safe and doing better than New Japan (New Japan’s range from 6-9, All Japan sits in a consistent 11-12 range).
  
• The last promotion Dave covers is All Japan Women, and he finds it hard to explain. The best explanation he can give is this description of an event on December 6 at Korauken Hall:
  

about 2,400 teenage girls log-jammed in an 1,800 seat building breaking every fire law known to mankind. It was the best live card I’ve seen in at least three years and the main event was by far the greatest match I’ve ever seen live. In fact I’d say without question it was better than any match ever held in the United States in the history of this business. It was a 12-girl tag team match with the most falls before curfew deciding the winner, and he rates it 5 stars. The match went 50 minutes of nothing but high spots and the crowd was screaming at about double the level of a Hulk Hogan posing routine for the entire time. When Chigusa Nagayo was squaring off against Lioness Asuka, the roar was louder than you’d here [sic] in the seventh game of an NBA championship series with 18 seconds left and the home team down by one. I’ve never experienced anything like the energy that comes out of the crowd, and the girls in the ring worked every bit as hard as the crowd. The girls are on TV on the Fuji network and while they consistently draw 7s plus on Saturday afternoons, the week we were there they drew an 11.3 rating. To give you an example of the popularity of this group in Japan--that rating for one show is higher than the rating of all McMahon’s syndicated shows in the United States put together. In fact, it’s roughly the same as the rating that McMahon’s best Saturday Night Main Event NBC special drew, so when I compare the importance of Chigusa with Hulk Hogan it is not an outlandish statement at all.

• Despite putting on the best wrestling in the world, AJW’s audience is almost 100% teenage girls. They live and breathe Chigusa Nagayo. The fans who go to men’s cards don’t go to women’s cards in Japan, and the fans and reporters Dave met could not understand why he and his group were so interested in an AJW card. There’s a negative stigma about women’s wrestling in Japan among the fans, probably because the show is designed to appeal to a teen girl’s interests. But it wouldn’t surprise Dave if AJW was as profitable as any other major promotion. They have the ratings (Japanese promotions are paid by their networks, rather than the other way around like in the U.S.) and more importantly, they have major merch - about 15 minutes before the show mentioned above, only 150 people were seated. But then one of the guys Dave was with pointed him to the lobby, and about 1,500 girls were buying all of the merch. Videos, cassettes, posters, keychains, purses, wallets, Dump Matsumoto gym shorts, shopping bags, books, programs, streamers - you name it, they were buying it. Given ticket prices, Dave estimates the gate at about $75,000, and they probably more than doubled that with merch and concessions. There were also other Americans at the AJW show, which you don’t see as much at men’s cards. Based on American reactions to Dump Matsumoto, Dave believes if she were given quality opponents and allowed to work without restriction, she’d make women’s wrestling huge in the U.S. She and Chigusa have drawn several times gates of more than $200,000 (Crockett only did that twice this year - the WarGames matches in Atlanta and Miami, and Hogan did it about a dozen times this year).
  
• The main attraction of the show was that it was Devil Masami’s retirement show. AJW has a mandatory retirement age of 26 (only Dump Matsumoto has been granted an exception by the promotion), and Masami turns 26 on January 7. Dave’s not clear on the reasons, but he figures it probably goes back to the idol culture thing - promote them young, wring out every drop of marketability, spit them out and bring the next fresh crop in. It keeps the stars relatable to the audience, Dave supposes. Some argue that they like their female stars young and cute, but Dave doesn’t see that as a major reason if there’s no men in the audience. Masami’s final match was a five minute exhibition with Chigusa, and the crowd went silent for it out of respect. Chigusa bumped for Masami for the most part, and in the final 45 seconds or so of the match, when Dave thought they’d turn on the intensity, both women broke down in tears together, and the crowd broke down with them. Masami is expected not to stay retired, but to leave Japan to continue her career.
  
• Dave does note some positive things that come out of the age rule AJW has. For one thing, pro wrestling is part of pop culture, but pro wrestling promoters have a really bad understanding of pop culture. Some musical groups have long runs, but most groups that get hot don’t last long and the fizzle quick. The average run for any kind of teen heartthrob to last in pop culture is about two years. Hogan cannot simply sell out a building by showing up. The Rock & Roll Express and Road Warriors can’t draw big numbers by themselves anymore. By having the age rule, AJW forces the constant development and pushing of new talent to the top, which keeps things from getting stale. It keeps you from having a Dusty Rhodes who is still popular and somewhat legendary, but turns other people off. Dave isn’t in favor of the rule at all or any kind of mandatory retirement - he’d still love to watch Bockwinkel or Masa Saito five days a week, but it’s undeniable that the business has been hurt by guys staying long past their prime and using what political power they have to stay on top. It’s hurt by promotions who don’t build stars and only think about the upcoming card, never realizing you need to sometimes tear the whole business down and rebuild and freshen things up to keep alive in the long run.
  
• Anyways, Dave runs down some of the key wrestlers in AJW and talks about them. You’ve got Lioness Asuka and Chigusa Nagayo, Dump Matsumoto, the Jumping Bomb Angels, Yukari Omori (nearing retirement age), Yumi Ogura and Kazue Nagahori (both very young and coming up as a top babyface team), Bull Nakano (19 years old and already a top tier worker), and Condor Saito.
  
• Dave then gives complete results and ratings for every card he saw during his trip. I’ll stick to negative stars and 4+ star matches for matches of note. December 11 All Japan had Tenryu/Hara vs. Hansen/Gordy go to a double count out in the tag tournament. 4.5 stars. December 6 AJW had Dump Matsumoto vs. Yukari Omori go to a double count out. 4.5 stars of an absolutely bloody match that went all around the arena and included a fork (American fans started cheering Dump after she got out the fork, and she blew them kisses in response, though Dave makes a shitty joke about Americans cheering for a fork after having to use chopsticks). The 12-woman tag match mentioned above gets 5 stars and is the best thing Dave’s ever seen live. December 3 New Japan has Shiro Koshinaka & Kazuo Yamazaki & Keiichi Yamada beat Hiro Saito & Norio Honaga & Kensuke Sasaki in a six man match. 4.5 stars. They had another 6 man the next night where Yamazaki & Nobuhiko Takada & Yamada beat Hiro Saito & Honaga & Dynamite Chris. 4.5 stars. Antonio Inoki & Dick Murdoch vs. Masa Saito & Fujiwara went to a 30 minute draw on the same show. 4 stars. Lastly, New Japan saw Fujinami & Kimura beat Masa Saito & Fujiwara in the tournament semi-final on December 7. 4 stars.
  

Watch: Hansen/Gordy vs. Tenryu/Hara
THURSDAY (last issue of 1987): 1987 in review, Observer expanding to two columns of text per page, WWF riding high, projections for 1988, on the importance of PPV, and more.